Abstract: Objective To investigate the prevalence and associated factors of diabetes among rural residents aged 15 and above in Hubei Province, and to provide evidences for diabetes control in rural areas. Methods A total of 12 003 households in 20 counties were sampled by multistage stratified cluster random sampling, and 16 739 rural residents aged 15 and above were interviewed. SPSS 20.0 was performed to analyze data. Results A total of 16 739 participants were included in the study, 306(1.83%) reported diabetes. And the prevalence in hypertension group and non hypertension group were 8.22% and 0.98% respectively. The multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that compared with those who were currently working, it was more likely for the retired to develop diabetes in hypertension group(OR=2.186, 95% CI:1.454-3.289) and non hypertension group (OR=3.019, 95% CI:1.833-4.973) respectively. Overweight or obesity(OR=1.642, 95% CI:1.174-2.297;OR=2.532, 95% CI:1.788-3.586), negative emotions such as anxiety or depression (OR=1.655, 95% CI:1.102-2.486; OR=3.059, 95%CI:1.992-4.698) were both associated with diabetes in two groups. But age was an associated factor only in non hypertension group, the prevalence in those aged 35 and above was higher and it increased with age. Meanwhile, alcohol drinking(OR=0.425, 95% CI:0.246-0.734) was an associated factor of diabetes only in hypertension group. Conclusions The prevalence of diabetes among rural residents aged 15 and above in Hubei Province was at a relatively lower level, but the prevalence increased significantly. For diabetes prevention and control, those aged 35 and above, the retired, overweight or obese persons, or those having negative emotions need to be focused on.