Comparison of dietary energy intake and nutrient sources of Chinese children aged 6 to 17 years between 1982 and 2012
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摘要:
目的 了解1982年与2012年中国6~17岁儿童膳食能量摄入和能量的营养素来源及变化特征。 方法 分析1982年全国营养调查和2010—2013年中国居民营养与健康状况监测(简称“2012年营养调查”)中参加膳食调查的6~17岁儿童的膳食摄入情况。1982年的膳食信息连续5 d采用家庭食物称重记账法收集,2012年的膳食信息连续3 d采用24 h膳食回顾与3 d家庭油、盐、调味品称重相结合方法收集。 结果 从1982年到2012年,中国6~17岁儿童膳食能量日平均摄入量由(2 216.5±19.0)kcal/d下降至(1 766.4±30.6)kcal/d(t=45.05, P<0.001);碳水化合物供能比由(73.7±0.4)%下降至(55.5±0.6)%(t=102.10, P<0.001);蛋白质供能比由(10.8±0.1)%增加至(12.3±0.2)%(t=-33.40, P<0.001);脂肪供能比由(15.2±0.3)%增加至(33.2±0.5)%(t=-105.22, P<0.001)。脂肪供能比超过宏量营养素可接受范围上限(30%)的6~17岁儿童比例由1982年的6.1%增加至2012年的59.8%。 结论 2012年和1982年相比中国6~17岁儿童膳食能量摄入水平下降,三大宏量营养素供能比例发生变化,碳水化合物供能比减少,蛋白质和脂肪供能比增加。应充分利用政策支持,结合学校、家庭和社会多方面力量广泛开展营养宣传教育,引导6~17岁儿童合理饮食,调整城乡6~17岁儿童饮食结构。 Abstract:Objective To understand the dietary energy intake and energy nutrient sources and change characteristics of Chinese children aged 6 to 17 in 1982 and 2012. Methods The dietary intakes of children aged 6 to 17 years who participated in the dietary survey in the 1982 China National Nutrition Survey and the 2010-2013 Chinese Health and Nutrition Surveillance were analyzed. The dietary information in 1982 was collected using household food weighing accounting for 5 consecutive days, and the dietary information in 2012 was collected using a combination of 24-hour dietary recall and 3 days of household oil, salt, and condiment consumption weighing for 3 consecutive days. Results From 1982 to 2012, the average daily dietary energy intake of Chinese children aged 6 to 17 years decreased from (2 216.5±19.0) kcal/d to (1 766.4±30.6) kcal/d (t=45.05, P < 0.001); the ratio of energy from carbohydrate decreased from (73.7±0.4)% to (55.5±0.6)% (t=102.10, P < 0.001); the ratio of energy from protein increased from (10.8±0.1)% to (12.3±0.2)% (t=-33.40, P < 0.001); the ratio of energy from fat increased from (15.2±0.3)% to (33.2±0.5)% (t=-105.22, P < 0.001). The proportion of children aged 6 to 17 years whose ratio of energy from fat exceeded the upper limit (30%) of the acceptable macronutrient distribution range increased from 6.1% in 1982 to 59.8% in 2012. Conclusions From 1982 to 2012, the dietary energy intake of children aged 6 to 17 years in China decreased, and the ratios of energy from the three macronutrients changed, the ratio from carbohydrate decreased, and the ratios from protein and fat increased. It is necessary to make full use of the policy support, combining schools, families, and society to carry out extensive nutrition promotion and education, so as to guide children aged 6 to 17 years to eat rationally, and adjust the diet structure of children aged 6 to 17 years in urban and rural areas. -
表 1 1982年营养调查和2012年营养调查6~17岁儿童样本构成情况比较
Table 1. Comparison of the sample composition of children aged 6 to 17 years between the 1982 Nutrition Survey and the 2012 Nutrition Survey
分组 1982年营养调查 2012年营养调查 χ2/H值 P值 n(%) 权重 n(%) 权重 地区 2 048.66 < 0.001 城市 2 281(13.3) 360 809.5 2 385(41.0) 1 908 978.0 农村 14 828(86.7) 427 349.9 3 434(59.0) 1 849 055.6 性别 10.18 < 0.001 男 8 677(50.7) 410 013.3 3 092(53.1) 1 934 318.6 女 8 432(49.3) 378 146.1 2 727(46.9) 1 823 715.0 年龄(岁) 335.03 < 0.001 6~ < 9 3 692(21.6) 200 360.5 1 741(29.9) 668 805.2 9~ < 12 4 319(25.2) 201 920.0 1 748(30.0) 618 914.8 12~ < 15 4 922(28.8) 186 441.7 1 404(24.1) 785 330.7 15~17 4 176(24.4) 199 437.2 926(16.0) 1 684 982.9 合计 17 109(100.0) 788 159.4 5 819(100.0) 3 758 033.6 表 2 1982年营养调查和2012年营养调查6~17岁儿童膳食能量日平均摄入量比较(kcal/d)
Table 2. Comparison of the average daily dietary energy intake of children aged 6 to 17 years between the 1982 Nutrition Survey and the 2012 Nutrition Survey (kcal/d)
分组 1982年营养调查 2012年营养调查 t值 P值 地区 城市 2 163.1±26.0a 1 646.1±29.0a 26.37 < 0.001 农村 2 223.4±21.2 1 876.3±50.1 31.84 < 0.001 性别 男 2 267.8±20.6a 1 861.2±34.0a 28.70 < 0.001 女 2 162.3±18.7 1 657.6±31.3 36.82 < 0.001 年龄(岁) 6~ < 9 1 785.0±17.4a 1 464.9±31.6a 16.81 < 0.001 9~ < 12 2 097.2±17.9 1 652.3±29.4 24.17 < 0.001 12~ < 15 2 324.6±20.5 1 910.1±45.6 18.12 < 0.001 15~17 2 618.5±22.7 1 971.0±36.5 20.84 < 0.001 合计 2 216.5±19.0 1 766.4±30.6 45.05 < 0.001 注:a表示所在分组、年份营养调查的组内比较差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。 表 3 1982年营养调查和2012年营养调查6~17岁儿童膳食三大宏量营养素日平均摄入量比较(g/d)
Table 3. Comparison of the daily average dietary intake of the three macronutrients of children aged 6 to 17 years between the 1982 Nutrition Survey and the 2012 Nutrition Survey (g/d)
分组 碳水化合物 蛋白质 脂肪 1982年营养调查 2012年营养调查 t值 P值 1982年营养调查 2012年营养调查 t值 P值 1982年营养调查 2012年营养调查 t值 P值 地区 城市 355.3±6.8a 208.6±5.3a 50.10 < 0.001 60.9±0.9a 54.4±1.7a 5.51 < 0.001 55.2±2.1a 67.8±1.9a -16.05 < 0.001 农村 415.8±5.0 278.8±9.0 61.14 < 0.001 59.2±0.6 52.9±1.4 22.20 < 0.001 35.0±0.9 63.0±2.0 -39.73 < 0.001 性别 男 418.6±4.7a 259.7±6.2a 60.29 < 0.001 60.7±0.6a 56.3±1.1a 10.27 < 0.001 38.1±0.9a 68.3±1.6a -39.68 < 0.001 女 398.6±4.5 228.8±6.0 68.04 < 0.001 58.0±0.6 50.6±1.2 16.97 < 0.001 36.5±0.8 61.9±1.3 -34.24 < 0.001 年龄(岁) 6~ < 9 326.8±4.1a 200.4±5.3a 39.36 < 0.001 48.1±0.6a 44.4±1.1a 5.21 < 0.001 31.0±0.8a 55.5±1.5a -30.87 < 0.001 9~ < 12 386.7±4.3 226.6±5.1 51.23 < 0.001 56.2±0.5 50.7±1.1 8.22 < 0.001 35.4±0.9 62.2±1.6 -29.47 < 0.001 12~ < 15 429.3±4.8 267.3±8.4 41.68 < 0.001 62.2±0.6 56.8±1.3 6.31 < 0.001 38.9±0.9 70.3±1.7 -30.06 < 0.001 15~17 485.1±5.4 276.6±7.2 40.22 < 0.001 69.9±0.7 60.5±1.5 6.70 < 0.001 43.4±1.0 71.3±2.0 -20.62 < 0.001 合计 408.9±4.5 245.3±5.7 89.18 < 0.001 59.4±0.6 53.6±1.1 18.48 < 0.001 37.3±0.8 65.3±1.4 -52.34 < 0.001 注:a表示所在分组、年份营养调查的组内比较差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。 表 4 1982年营养调查和2012年营养调查6~17岁儿童膳食能量的营养素来源比较(%)
Table 4. Comparison of nutrient sources of dietary energy of children aged 6 to 17 years between the 1982 Nutrition Survey and the 2012 Nutrition Survey (%)
分组 碳水化合物 蛋白质 脂肪 1982年营养调查 2012年营养调查 t值 P值 1982年营养调查 2012年营养调查 t值 P值 1982年营养调查 2012年营养调查 t值 P值 地区 城市 65.9±0.9a 51.0±0.9a 50.99 < 0.001 11.3±0.1a 13.3±0.4a -26.64 < 0.001 22.7±0.8a 36.6±0.8a -48.50 < 0.001 农村 74.7±0.4 59.6±0.7 73.98 < 0.001 10.7±0.1 11.4±0.2 -14.42 < 0.001 14.2±0.4 30.0±0.6 -78.53 < 0.001 性别 男 73.7±0.4 55.8±0.6 74.40 < 0.001 10.8±0.1 12.3±0.2 -24.33 < 0.001 15.1±0.3 32.9±0.5 -76.82 < 0.001 女 73.7±0.4 55.2±0.7 70.01 < 0.001 10.8±0.1 12.4±0.2 -22.88 < 0.001 15.2±0.4 33.5±0.6 -72.00 < 0.001 年龄(岁) 6~ < 9 73.2±0.4a 54.7±0.6 53.22 < 0.001 10.9±0.1a 12.2±0.2a -15.56 < 0.001 15.6±0.4a 34.0±0.6 -55.47 < 0.001 9~ < 12 73.7±0.4 55.0±0.7 54.73 < 0.001 10.8±0.1 12.4±0.2 -18.13 < 0.001 15.1±0.4 33.6±0.6 -56.64 < 0.001 12~ < 15 73.8±0.4 55.9±0.7 51.09 < 0.001 10.8±0.1 12.1±0.2 -15.25 < 0.001 15.1±0.3 33.0±0.6 -53.23 < 0.001 15~17 74.0±0.4 56.1±0.8 41.78 < 0.001 10.7±0.1 12.5±0.3 -17.20 < 0.001 15.0±0.3 32.4±0.7 -41.58 < 0.001 合计 73.7±0.4 55.5±0.6 102.10 < 0.001 10.8±0.1 12.3±0.2 -33.40 < 0.001 15.2±0.3 33.2±0.5 -105.22 < 0.001 注:a表示所在分组、年份营养调查的组内比较差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。 表 5 1982年营养调查和2012年营养调查6~17岁儿童膳食碳水化合物、脂肪供能比人群分布比较[n (%)]
Table 5. Comparison of the population distribution of dietary energy intake from carbohydrate and fat of children aged 6 to 17 years between the 1982 Nutrition Survey and the 2012 Nutrition Survey [n (%)]
分组 1982营养调查 2012营养调查 Z值 P值 < AMDR AMDR >AMDR H值 P值 < AMDR AMDR >AMDR H值 P值 碳水化合物 323(1.8) 2 360(13.2) 14 426(85.0) 1 853(33.0) 2 562(44.9) 1 309(22.0) -90.08 < 0.001 地区 -39.10 < 0.001 -28.51 < 0.001 城市 137(6.0) 851(37.3) 1 293(56.7) 1 210(47.2) 929(42.6) 205(10.2) 40.09 < 0.001 农村 186(1.3) 1 509(10.2) 13 133(88.6) 643(20.1) 1 633(47.1) 1 104(32.8) -71.77 < 0.001 性别 -0.59 0.554 -0.67 0.500 男 141(1.6) 1 209(13.6) 7 327(84.8) 961(32.2) 1 390(45.9) 687(21.9) -65.31 < 0.001 女 182(2.0) 1 151(12.9) 7 099(85.1) 892(34.0) 1 172(43.8) 622(22.2) -62.03 < 0.001 年龄(岁) 12.63 0.006 1.93 0.587 6~ < 9 91(2.4) 540(13.9) 3 061(83.7) 563(34.9) 787(46.7) 369(18.4) -44.96 < 0.001 9~ < 12 80(1.7) 605(13.4) 3 634(84.9) 548(34.2) 781(45.1) 384(20.7) -47.23 < 0.001 12~ < 15 81(1.6) 691(13.6) 4 150(84.8) 444(32.8) 606(44.7) 330(22.5) -45.66 < 0.001 15~17 71(1.6) 524(12.1) 3 581(86.3) 298(31.0) 388(43.6) 226(25.4) -39.93 < 0.001 脂肪 13 166(77.8) 2 850(16.2) 1 093(6.1) 784(13.2) 1 557(26.9) 3 383(59.8) 92.33 < 0.001 地区 44.17 < 0.001 21.49 < 0.001 城市 942(41.3) 883(38.8) 456(19.9) 136(7.1) 438(20.2) 1 770(72.7) -38.30 < 0.001 农村 12 224(82.4) 1 967(13.3) 637(4.3) 648(18.8) 1 119(33.1) 1 613(48.1) 76.78 < 0.001 性别 1.97 0.048 1.10 0.271 男 6 730(78.1) 1 416(16.0) 531(5.9) 422(13.5) 839(27.7) 1 777(58.8) 66.95 < 0.001 女 6 436(77.4) 1 434(16.4) 562(6.2) 362(12.8) 718(26.1) 1 606(61.1) 63.59 < 0.001 年龄(岁) 11.17 0.011 3.94 0.268 6~ < 9 2 771(76.0) 647(17.0) 274(7.0) 222(11.3) 459(25.8) 1 038(62.9) 46.37 < 0.001 9~ < 12 3 335(78.2) 709(15.8) 275(5.9) 231(12.5) 460(25.9) 1 022(61.6) 48.95 < 0.001 12~ < 15 3 811(78.0) 812(16.1) 299(5.9) 192(13.0) 389(28.4) 799(58.6) 47.15 < 0.001 15~17 3 249(78.6) 682(15.8) 245(5.6) 139(15.4) 249(27.4) 524(57.2) 39.68 < 0.001 注:碳水化合物供能比 < AMDR、AMDR、>AMDR分别为碳水化合物供能比占比为 < 50%、50%~65%、>65%,脂肪供能比 < AMDR、AMDR、>AMDR分别为脂肪供能比 < 20%、20%~30%、>30%。 -
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