An epidemiological survey on knowledge, attitudes and practices related to COVID-19 among employees during the early and the normalized prevention and control stage of the epidemic
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摘要:
目的 了解COVID-19流行初期和常态化防控阶段大型劳动密集型企业员工疫情相关知信行(knowledge, attitudes and practices, KAP)状况，为企业复工复产和日常生产生活中园区疫情防控工作提供依据。 方法 于2020年2月1日―4月30日和2022年1月2日―2月15日采用电子问卷对深圳市某大型劳动密集企业在职员工进行调查。 结果 15 107名研究对象完成了两轮调查，平均年龄(32.42±6.02)岁。与流行初期相比，常态化防控阶段研究对象疫情相关知识(72.3% vs. 84.9%)和态度(82.7% vs. 89.1%)得分有所提升。知识方面，不同阶段病毒传播途径和物理防护措施各条目正确率较高，感染者主要临床症状和感染后果以及预防/治疗知识大多数条目正确率较低；态度方面，不同阶段研究对象能够意识到疫情的重要影响并积极寻求治疗，但对感染者能够被治愈的信心和能够判断自己是否具有相关症状的报告率较低。常态化防控阶段研究对象疫情防控行为总体执行程度有所下降(92.37% vs. 88.21%)，主要表现为大多数行为条目报告“完全做到”的比例降低。 结论 应针对不同阶段劳动密集型企业员工疫情相关KAP薄弱环节，在后续健康教育中给予积极引导。 Abstract:Objective To investigate the level of knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) related to COVID-19 among employees in large labor-intensive enterprises during the early stage and the normalized prevention and control stage of the COVID-19 epidemic, we aimed to provide scientific evidence for the formulation of prevention and control strategies to avoid COVID-19 epidemic in the process of resuming work and production and in the employees' daily work and life. Methods Two rounds of epidemiological surveys were conducted among employees in a large labor-intensive enterprise in Shenzhen from February 1 to April 30, 2020, and from January 2 to February 15, 2022, respectively. Results A total of 15 107 participants [mean (SD) age, 32.42 (6.02) years] completed two rounds of self-administered questionnaires. The COVID-19-related knowledge level (72.3% vs. 84.9%) and attitude level (82.7% vs. 89.1%) of participants improved during the normalized prevention and control stage of the COVID-19 epidemic compared with the eraly stage. In terms of COVID-19-related knowledge, almost every item on transmission route and physical protection measures had a high correct rate, while most items on the main clinical symptoms and consequences of being infected, and the knowledge of COVID-19 prevention or treatment had a poor correct rate during the different stages of the COVID-19 epidemic. In the light of COVID-19-related attitudes, most of participants were able to be aware of the adverse effects of the COVID-19 epidemic and said they would actively seek treatment if infected with SARS-CoV-2. However, they were less confident that SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals could be cured, and it was difficult for participants to determine the COVID-19-related symptoms. The overall implementation of the COVID-19-related practices of participants decreased (92.37% vs. 88.21%) from the early stage to the normalized prevention and control stage of the COVID-19 epidemic, mainly reflecting in a decline in the proportion reporting "Fully achieved" in most practices items. Conclusions Active guidance should be given in the following health education in time to address the misconceptions on COVID-19 related KAP among employees in the large labor-intensive enterprise during the different stages of the COVID-19 epidemic. -
Key words:
- COVID-19 /
- Knowledge /
- Attitudes /
- Practices /
- Epidemiological survey /
- Labor-intensive enterprises
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表 1 研究对象基本特征[n(%)]
Table 1. The basic characteristic of participants [n(%)]
基本特征 总数(N=15 107) 男性(n=10 656) 女性(n=4 451) P值 基本特征 总数(N=15 107) 男性(n=10 656) 女性(n=4 451) P值 年龄(x±s，岁) 32.42(6.02) 32.43(6.05) 32.41(5.93) 0.908 总体健康状态 0.002 年龄组(岁) ＜0.001 非常健康 11 147(73.8) 7 951(74.6) 3 196(71.8) ＜25 1 310(8.7) 895(8.4) 415(9.3) 良好 3 661(24.2) 2 499(23.5) 1 162(26.1) 25~＜35 8 801(58.3) 6 319(59.3) 2 482(55.8) 一般或较差 299(2.0) 206(1.9) 93(2.1) 35~＜45 4 435(29.4) 3 006(28.2) 1 429(32.1) 体育锻炼 ＜0.001 ≥45 561(3.7) 436(4.1) 125(2.8) 几乎不 4 744(31.4) 2 957(27.7) 1 787(40.1) 教育年限(年) ＜0.001 有时 4 555(30.2) 3 325(31.2) 1 230(27.6) ＜7 57(0.4) 28(0.3) 29(0.7) 经常 5 808(38.4) 4 374(41.0) 1 434(32.2) 7~＜10 3 203(21.2) 2 014(18.9) 1 189(26.7) 职位 ＜0.001 10~＜13 9 270(61.4) 7 094(66.6) 2 176(48.9) 普工 9 315(61.7) 6 503(61.0) 2 812(63.2) ≥13 2 577(17.1) 1 520(14.3) 1 057(23.7) 线长 1 331(8.8) 1 074(10.1) 257(5.8) 民族 0.055 组长 1 261(8.3) 1 021(9.6) 240(5.4) 汉族 13 819(91.5) 9 717(91.2) 4 102(92.2) 管理人员 3 200(21.2) 2 058(19.3) 1 142(25.7) 少数民族 1 288(8.5) 939(8.8) 349(7.8) 入职时间(月) ＜0.001 婚姻状态 ＜0.001 0~＜7 719(4.8) 488(4.6) 231(5.2) 在婚 8 320(55.1) 5 118(48.0) 3 202(71.9) 7~＜13 1 364(9.0) 917(8.6) 447(10.0) 未婚 6 305(41.7) 5 206(48.9) 1 099(24.7) 13~＜24 1 644(10.9) 1 079(10.1) 565(12.7) 离异或其他 482(3.2) 332(3.1) 150(3.4) ≥24 11 380(75.3) 8 172(76.7) 3 208(72.1) 
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表 2 COVID-19流行初期和常态化防控阶段研究对象疫情相关知识水平[n(%)]
Table 2. COVID-19 related knowledge level of participants during the early stage and the normalized prevention and control stage of the COVID-19 epidemic [n(%)]
条目 选项 总体 男性 女性 COVID-19流行初期 常态化防控阶段 P值 COVID-19流行初期 常态化防控阶段 P值 COVID-19流行初期 常态化防控阶段 P值 临床症状和感染后果 1.发热、乏力、干咳是主要表现 同意 13 902(92.0) 13 788(91.3) 0.037 9 749(91.5) 9 779(91.8) 0.454 4 153(93.3) 4 009(90.1) ＜0.001 2.鼻塞、流鼻涕、打喷嚏等比较少见 同意 9 087(60.2) 8 443(55.9) ＜0.001 6 375(59.8) 6 091(57.2) ＜0.001 2 712(60.9) 2 352(52.8) ＜0.001 3.所有患者都会发烧, 不发烧时没有传染性a 不同意 5 318(35.2) 11 458(75.8) ＜0.001 3 535(33.2) 7 997(75.0) ＜0.001 1 783(40.1) 3 461(77.8) ＜0.001 4.早期积极支持对症治疗可使感染者获得较好康复 同意 13 752(91.0) 13 926(92.2) ＜0.001 9 689(90.9) 9 880(92.7) ＜0.001 4 063(91.3) 4 046(90.9) 0.570 5.并非所有感染者都会发展成危重病例，老年人、伴有基础疾病者容易发展成危重症 同意 9 465(62.7) 12 774(84.6) ＜0.001 6 622(62.1) 9 085(85.3) ＜0.001 2 843(63.9) 3 689(82.9) ＜0.001 传播途径 6.SARS-CoV-2可以通过空气飞沫传播 同意 14 667(97.1) 14 343(94.9) ＜0.001 10 336(97.0) 10 106(94.8) ＜0.001 4 331(97.3) 4 237(95.2) ＜0.001 7.SARS-CoV-2可以通过近距离接触传播(如与患者一起居住、工作；诊疗、探视患者等) 同意 13 819(91.5) 14 192(93.9) ＜0.001 9 742(91.4) 9 994(93.8) ＜0.001 4 077 (91.6) 4 198(94.3) ＜0.001 8.与COVID-19患者乘坐同一交通工具有可能被感染 同意 14 666(97.1) 14 584(96.5) 0.002 10 342(97.1) 10 279(96.5) 0.014 4 324(97.1) 4 305(96.7) 0.090 物理防护措施 9.普通市民日常生活中使用一般的医用口罩可以预防SARS-CoV-2感染 同意 10 184(67.4) 11 988(79.4) ＜0.001 7 148(67.1) 8 605(80.8) ＜0.001 3 036(68.2) 3 383(76.0) ＜0.001 10.隔离治疗COVID-19患者是减少病毒传播的重要手段 同意 14 617(96.8) 14 637(96.9) 0.245 10 307(96.7) 10 313(96.8) 0.528 4 310(96.8) 4 324(97.1) 0.373 11.接触过SARS-CoV-2感染者的人尽快进行隔离观察 同意 14 781(97.8) 14 761(97.7) 0.697 10 405(97.6) 10 388(97.5) 0.696 4 376(98.3) 4 373(98.2) 0.970 12.应避免到火车站、乘公共交通工具或其他人员密集场所(经过中高风险地区、接触过中高风险地区的人，要尽快进行隔离观察与核酸检测) 同意 14 769(97.8) 14 599(96.6) ＜0.001 10 412(97.7) 10 257(96.3) ＜0.001 4 357(97.9) 4 342(97.6) 0.365 预防/治疗知识 13.我可以因接触看似健康的人(无症状感染者)而感染SARS-CoV-2 同意 7 310(48.4) 13 740(91.0) ＜0.001 5 103(47.9) 9 732(91.3) ＜0.001 2 207(49.6) 4 008(90.0) ＜0.001 14.盐水漱口可以预防COVID-19 a 不同意 5 005(33.1) 9 209(61.0) ＜0.001 3 504(32.9) 6 366(59.7) ＜0.001 1 501(33.7) 2 843(63.9) ＜0.001 15.吃维生素C或板蓝根可以预防COVID-19 a 不同意 7 879(52.2) 9 959(65.9) ＜0.001 5 443(51.1) 6 902(64.8) ＜0.001 2 436(54.7) 3 057(68.7) ＜0.001 注：a表示采用反向评分。
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表 3 COVID-19流行初期和常态化防控阶段研究对象疫情相关态度水平[n(%)]
Table 3. COVID-19 related attitudes level of participants during the early stage and the normalized prevention and control stage of the COVID-19 epidemic [n(%)]
条目 选项 总体 男性 女性 COVID-19流行初期 常态化防控阶段 P值 COVID-19流行初期 常态化防控阶段 P值 COVID-19流行初期 常态化防控阶段 P值 对疫情的认识和寻求治疗的积极性 1.COVID-19是一种严重的疾病(COVID-19对世界各国影响很大) 同意 14 177(93.8) 14 653(97.0) ＜0.001 10 011(93.9) 10 315(96.8) ＜0.001 4 166(93.6) 4 338(97.5) ＜0.001 2.我知道如何保护自己免受SARS-CoV-2感染 同意 14 343(94.9) 14 134(93.6) ＜0.001 10 120(95.0) 10 003(93.9) 0.002 4 223(94.9) 4 131(92.8) ＜0.001 3.如果出现COVID-19相关症状，我将主动寻求治疗 同意 14 829(98.2) 14 764(97.7) 0.031 10 451(98.1) 10 394(97.5) 0.028 4 378(98.4) 4 370(98.2) 0.799 4.如果出现COVID-19相关症状，我知道去哪里治疗 同意 14 061(93.1) 13 653(90.4) ＜0.001 9 932(93.2) 9 725(91.3) ＜0.001 4 129(92.8) 3 928(88.2) ＜0.001 症状判断和治愈信心 5.我能够判断自己是否具有COVID-19相关症状 同意 10 509(69.6) 11 781(78.0) ＜0.001 7 482(70.2) 8 491(79.7) ＜0.001 3 027(68.0) 3 290(73.9) ＜0.001 6.假如不幸感染SARS-CoV-2，我认为自己被治愈的概率比较高 同意 7 027(46.5) 11 688(77.4) ＜0.001 5 025(47.2) 8 411(78.9) ＜0.001 2 002(45.0) 3 277(73.6) ＜0.001 情绪和信念影响 7.我担心自己感染SARS-CoV-2 a (COVID-19疫情传播信息让我感到焦虑、担忧或紧张a) 同意 7 997(52.9) 5 990(39.7) ＜0.001 5 666(53.2) 3 996(37.5) ＜0.001 2 331(52.4) 1 994(44.8) ＜0.001 8.接种SARS-CoV-2疫苗可以100%保护我，不再需要严格戴口罩、勤洗手等b 不同意 13 600(90.0) 9 496(89.1) 4 104(92.2) ＜0.001 注：a表示不计分；b表示采用反向评分。
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表 4 COVID-19流行初期和常态化防控阶段研究对象疫情相关行为水平[n(%)]
Table 4. COVID-19 related practices level of participants during the early stage and the normalized prevention and control stage of the COVID-19 epidemic [n(%)]
条目 选项 总体 男性 女性 COVID-19流行初期 常态化防控阶段 P值 COVID-19流行初期 常态化防控阶段 P值 COVID-19流行初期 常态化防控阶段 P值 物理防护措施和卫生行为 1.按规范，戴口罩 完全做到 14 878(98.5) 13 005(86.1) ＜0.001 10 484(98.4) 9 144(85.8) ＜0.001 4 394(98.7) 3 861(86.7) ＜0.001 基本做到 61(0.4) 2 083(13.8) 43(0.4) 1 498(14.1) 18(0.4) 585(13.1) 做不到 168(1.1) 19(0.1) 129(1.2) 14(0.1) 39(0.9) 5(0.1) 2.餐前便后，勤洗手 完全做到 13 396(88.7) 12 664(83.8) ＜0.001 9 454(88.7) 8 791(82.5) ＜0.001 3 942(88.6) 3 873(87.0) 0.028 基本做到 1 690(11.2) 2 429(16.1) 1 188(11.1) 1 854(17.4) 502(11.3) 575(12.9) 做不到 21(0.1) 14(0.1) 14(0.1) 11(0.1) 7(0.2) 3(0.1) 3.外出归来，勤洗手 完全做到 13 013(86.1) 12 048(79.8) ＜0.001 9 111(85.5) 8 334(78.2) ＜0.001 3 902(87.7) 3 714(83.4) ＜0.001 基本做到 1 959(13.0) 3 005(19.9) 1 434(13.5) 2 279(21.4) 525(11.8) 726(16.3) 做不到 135(0.9) 54(0.4) 111(1.0) 43(0.4) 24(0.5) 11(0.2) 4.接触公共物品后，勤洗手 完全做到 12 841(85.0) 11 487(76.0) ＜0.001 8 993(84.4) 8 002(75.1) ＜0.001 3 848(86.5) 3 485(78.3) ＜0.001 基本做到 2 110(14.0) 3 519(23.3) 1 539(14.4) 2 575(24.2) 571(12.8) 944(21.2) 做不到 156(1.0) 101(0.7) 124(1.2) 79(0.7) 32(0.7) 22(0.5) 5.打喷嚏、咳嗽时用肘部或纸巾遮住口鼻 完全做到 11 739(77.7) 11 922(78.9) 0.005 8 135(76.3) 8 283(77.7) 0.009 3 604(81.0) 3 639(81.8) 0.531 基本做到 3 285(21.7) 3 129(20.7) 2 449(23.0) 2 325(21.8) 836(18.8) 804(18.1) 做不到 83(0.5) 56(0.4) 72(0.7) 48(0.5) 11(0.2) 8(0.2) 6.不随地吐痰或口香糖等 完全做到 14 901(98.6) 13 087(86.6) ＜0.001 10 479(98.3) 8 990(84.4) ＜0.001 4 422(99.3) 4 097(92.0) ＜0.001 基本做到 101(0.7) 2 000(13.2) 85(0.8) 1 649(15.5) 16(0.4) 351(7.9) 做不到 105(0.7) 20(0.1) 92(0.9) 17(0.2) 13(0.3) 3(0.1) 7.不使用未清洁的手揉擦眼睛(不使用未清洁的手去触摸口、鼻、眼) 完全做到 12 499(82.7) 9 898(65.5) ＜0.001 8 868(83.2) 6 924(65.0) ＜0.001 3 631(81.6) 2 974(66.8) ＜0.001 基本做到 379(2.5) 4 933(32.7) 240(2.3) 3 536(33.2) 139(3.1) 1 397(31.4) 做不到 2 229(14.8) 276(1.8) 1 548(14.5) 196(1.8) 681(15.3) 80(1.8) 8.经常换洗服装 完全做到 8 696(57.6) 11 702(77.5) ＜0.001 5 660(53.1) 7 685(72.1) ＜0.001 3 036(68.2) 4 017(90.2) ＜0.001 基本做到 6 125(40.5) 3 263(21.6) 4 766(44.7) 2 845(26.7) 1 359(30.5) 418(9.4) 做不到 286(1.9) 142(0.9) 230(2.2) 126(1.2) 56(1.3) 16(0.4) 9.不与他人共用毛巾、洗衣盆等生活用品 完全做到 13 383(88.6) 14 098(93.3) ＜0.001 9 542(89.5) 10 048(94.3) ＜0.001 3 841(86.3) 4 050(91.0) ＜0.001 基本做到 1 513(10.0) 816(5.4) 961(9.0) 486(4.6) 552(12.4) 330(7.4) 做不到 211(1.4) 193(1.3) 153(1.4) 122(1.1) 58(1.3) 71(1.6) 10.在生活场所，经常通风 完全做到 14 449(95.6) 10 096(66.8) ＜0.001 10 149(95.2) 7 199(67.6) ＜0.001 4 300(96.6) 2 897(65.1) ＜0.001 基本做到 477(3.2) 4 813(31.9) 358(3.4) 3 354(31.5) 119(2.7) 1 459(32.8) 做不到 181(1.2) 198(1.3) 149(1.4) 103(1.0) 32(0.7) 95(2.1) 保持社交距离，减少聚集 11.非不要，不外出；尽量减少外出 完全做到 13 066(86.5) 10 487(69.4) ＜0.001 9 137(85.7) 7 417(69.6) ＜0.001 3 929(88.3) 3 070(69.0) ＜0.001 基本做到 2 013(13.3) 4 550(30.1) 1 499(14.1) 3 183(29.9) 514(11.5) 1 367(30.7) 做不到 28(0.2) 70(0.5) 20(0.2) 56(0.5) 8(0.2) 14(0.3) 12.减少与亲朋好友聚会 完全做到 13 605(90.1) 10 276(68.0) ＜0.001 9 474(88.9) 7 167(67.3) ＜0.001 4 131(92.8) 3 109(69.8) ＜0.001 基本做到 1 478(9.8) 4 780(31.6) 1 162(10.9) 3 444(32.3) 316(7.1) 1 336(30.0) 做不到 24(0.2) 51(0.3) 20(0.2) 45(0.4) 4(0.1) 6(0.1) 积极接受与传播正确信息 13.拒绝转发虚假信息，散播谣言 完全做到 14 866(98.4) 13 660(90.4) ＜0.001 10 473(98.3) 9 676(90.8) ＜0.001 4 393(98.7) 3 984(89.5) ＜0.001 基本做到 85(0.6) 1 425(9.4) 62(0.6) 967(9.1) 23(0.5) 458(10.3) 做不到 156(1.0) 22(0.1) 121(1.1) 13(0.1) 35(0.8) 9(0.2) 14.积极转发官方信息，主动进行科普宣传 完全做到 13 924(92.2) 10 124(67.0) ＜0.001 9 847(92.4) 7 133(66.9) ＜0.001 4 077(91.6) 2 991(67.2) ＜0.001 基本做到 439(2.9) 4 695(31.1) 269(2.5) 3 318(31.1) 170(3.8) 1 377(30.9) 做不到 744(4.9) 288(1.9) 540(5.1) 205(1.9) 204(4.6) 83(1.9)
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