Assessment of cadmium pollution levels and health risks of rice in typical regions of China
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摘要:
目的 探索我国部分地区稻米镉水平，并进行健康风险评估。 方法 选择我国4个省的12个县(市、区)，抽取1 195份稻米样本进行稻米镉水平描述，对稻米镉水平进行污染程度分级，调查当地人群每天大米摄入量，采用美国环保总署推荐的健康风险评估模型，对4个省的稻米镉水平进行健康风险评估，计算危害商和致癌风险值，对稻米镉暴露的非致癌和致癌风险进行健康评估。 结果 4个省的稻米样品含量几何平均值为0.06 mg/kg，低于稻米镉限值，总体超标率为17.9%，其中C省稻米镉含量几何平均值最高(0.13 mg/kg)，其次为B省和D省，A省稻米镉含量几何平均值最低，而B省稻米镉超标率最高，一级安全产品仅占53.70%，A省稻米镉样品超标率最低(0.30%)。分析结果表明，4个省的稻米镉暴露非致癌风险均在可接受水平(危害商＜1.00)，对于总人群而言，4个省的致癌风险在可接受水平，而在稻米镉高污染地区，如B-Ⅲ和C-Ⅲ地区，致癌风险值分别为0.000 11和0.000 21，可能存在致癌风险。对于不同性别，男性致癌风险值高于女性，C省稻米镉在男性中可能存在致癌风险，而对女性的致癌风险在可接受水平。 结论 在4个省中，17.9%的稻米镉水平超过稻米镉限值，稻米镉高污染地区可能存在致癌风险，4个调查省稻米镉污染非致癌风险均在可接受范围。 Abstract:Objective To explore cadmium levels in rice in some parts of China and assess the health risks. Methods Selecting 12 districts and counties from four typical regions in our country, 1 195 rice samples were randomly selected to describe the cadmium levels of rice. The pollution degree of rice cadmium was classified, and the daily rice intake of the local population was investigated. Using the health risk assessment model recommended by the US Environmental Protection Agency, the health risks of rice cadmium in the four surveyed regions were evaluated. The hazard quotient and carcinogenic risk index were calculated, and the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks of rice cadmium exposure were evaluated for health assessment. Results The geometric mean of cadmium content in rice samples from four typical regions was 0.06 mg/kg, which was lower than the cadmium limit for rice. The overall over-limit rate was 17.9%. Among them, the geometric mean of cadmium content in rice from region C was the highest, at 0.13 mg/kg, followed by regions B and D. The geometric mean of cadmium content in rice from region A was the lowest. The over-limit rate of cadmium in rice from region B was the highest, with only 53.70% of the products being classified as safe. The over-limit rate of cadmium in rice samples from the surveyed region B was the lowest, at 0.30%. The analysis indicated that the non-carcinogenic risk of cadmium exposure from rice in the four regions was all within the acceptable level (HQ < 1.00). For the total population, the carcinogenic risk in the four regions was within the acceptable level. However, in regions with high cadmium pollution in rice, such as regions B-Ⅲ and C-Ⅲ, the carcinogenic risk values were 0.000 11 and 0.000 21 respectively, suggesting potential carcinogenic risks. For different genders, the overall carcinogenic risk value was higher in male respondents than in female respondents. In region C, there was a potential carcinogenic risk for overall males, while the risk for females was lower. Conclusions In the four surveyed areas, 17.9% of the rice samples exceeded the cadmium limit for rice. The high-cadmium-contaminated areas of rice may pose a carcinogenic risk. The non-carcinogenic risks of cadmium contamination in rice in the four areas are all within the acceptable range. -
Key words:
- Rice /
- Heavy metal /
- Cadmium /
- Risk assessment
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图 1 12个县(市、区)稻米镉含量的单因子污染等级分布
Figure 1. Distribution of single-factor pollution grades of cadmium content in rice in 12 districts and counties
图 2 稻米镉对不同省份县(市、区)及不同性别人群的非致癌风险
Figure 2. Non-carcinogenic risk of rice cadmium in different provinces, counties and different gender populations
图 3 稻米镉对不同省份县(市、区)及不同性别人群的致癌风险
Figure 3. Carcinogenic risk of cadmium in rice in different provinces, counties and different gender populations
表 1 各省稻米镉水平分布情况
Table 1. The distribution of cadmium levels in rice in four provinces
省份
Province县(市、区)
County (city, district)个案数
Number of cases几何平均值
Geometric mean/(mg·kg-1)P25/(mg·kg-1) P50/(mg·kg-1) P75/(mg·kg-1) P95/(mg·kg-1) P值
valueA省Province A A-Ⅰ 100 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 ＜0.001 A-Ⅱ 99 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.07 A-Ⅲ 99 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.12 合计Total 298 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.07 B省Province B B-1 100 0.09 0.04 0.08 0.20 0.65 ＜0.001 B-Ⅱ 100 0.12 0.06 0.11 0.25 0.41 B-Ⅲ 100 0.15 0.06 0.18 0.36 0.81 合计Total 300 0.12 0.05 0.11 0.28 0.66 C省Province C C-Ⅰ 99 0.07 0.05 0.08 0.11 0.21 ＜0.001 C-Ⅱ 98 0.15 0.08 0.16 0.27 0.91 C-Ⅲ 100 0.19 0.08 0.15 0.52 1.60 合计Total 297 0.13 0.06 0.11 0.22 0.97 D省Province D D-Ⅰ 100 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.07 0.28 0.047 D-Ⅱ 100 0.07 0.05 0.06 0.13 0.17 D-Ⅲ 100 0.07 0.04 0.07 0.15 0.30 合计Total 300 0.05 0.02 0.06 0.13 0.25 总样本Total sample 1 195 0.06 0.02 0.06 0.14 0.54 
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表 2 4个省研究对象从稻米中摄入镉含量的几何平均值
Table 2. Geometric mean of cadmium intake from rice by the respondents in four provinces
省份Province 县(市、区)
County (city, district)男性Male/[mg·(kg·d-1)] 女性Female/[mg·(kg·d-1)] 总计Total/[mg·(kg·d-1)] P值value A省Province A A-Ⅰ 0.12×10-4 0.09×10-4 0.11×10-4 ＜0.001 A-Ⅱ 0.28×10-4 0.25×10-4 0.26×10-4 A-Ⅲ 0.28×10-4 0.33×10-4 0.31×10-4 合计Total 0.28×10-4 0.24×10-4 0.26×10-4 B省Province B B-1 1.71×10-4 1.68×10-4 1.69×10-4 0.582 B-Ⅱ 1.98×10-4 2.14×10-4 2.05×10-4 B-Ⅲ 3.18×10-4 2.70×10-4 2.97×10-4 合计Total 2.27×10-4 2.12×10-4 2.19×10-4 C省Province C C-Ⅰ 1.56×10-4 1.21×10-4 1.39×10-4 ＜0.001 C-Ⅱ 2.35×10-4 2.11×10-4 2.25×10-4 C-Ⅲ 6.35×10-4 4.96×10-4 5.61×10-4 合计Total 2.62×10-4 2.52×10-4 2.57×10-4 D省Province D D-Ⅰ 0.71×10-4 0.83×10-4 0.76×10-4 0.126 D-Ⅱ 1.20×10-4 1.14×10-4 1.18×10-4 D-Ⅲ 1.81×10-4 1.37×10-4 1.16×10-4 合计Total 1.10×10-4 1.07×10-4 1.08×10-4 总样本Total sample 1.12×10-4 1.01×10-4 1.06×10-4
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表 3 稻米镉水平四分位数转换后对全人群经口摄入的健康风险
Table 3. Health risks of oral ingestion in the whole population after conversion of rice cadmium level quartile
稻米镉四分位数
Cadmium quartile of rice危害商
Hazard quotient致癌风险
Carcinogenic riskQ1 (≤0.021) 0.01 0.000 06 Q2 (＞0.021~0.061) 0.07 0.000 03 Q3 (＞0.061~＜0.145) 0.18 0.000 07 Q4 (≥0.145) 0.62 0.000 24 合计Total 0.11 0.000 04
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