中华疾病控制杂志

Socioeconomic influence on prevalence and management of diabetes among ethnic minorities in Yunnan Province

SU Rong, CAI Le, CUI Wen-long, YOU Ding-yun, HE Jian-hui, DONG Jun

2016, 20(11): 1079-1082,1087. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2016.11.001

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Objective To analyze socioeconomic influences on prevalence, awareness, treatment and self-management of diabetes among four unique ethnic minorities in Yunnan Province. Methods Using multi-stage stratified random sampling method, we chose a representative sample of 5 600 residents aged 35 and over from Naxi, Lisu, Dai and Jingpo ethnic minorities in Yunnan Province. A questionnaire survey and physical examination were performed among all participants. Multilevel analysis was used to examine socioeconomic factors on prevalence, awareness, treatment and self-management of diabetes. Results The overall prevalence, awareness, treatment and control rate of diabetes was 4.7%, 63.7%, 48.1% and 24.8%, respectively. Among diabetic patients, the rate of taking measures to lower glucose, medication adherence, and monitoring blood glucose was 91.0%, 68.9% and 36.5%, respectively. Diabetic patients with higher levels of education,with higher household assets and better access to medical service had higher treatment rate. Residents from a higher-income township were more likely to be diabetic, and have a higher treatment rate. Diabetic patients with higher educational level, better access to medical service, and living in a higher-income township had a greater probability of compliance to prescribed medicines. Diabetic patients with higher educational level, higher household assets, and living in a township with higher educational level were more likely to monitor blood glucose. Diabetic patients from a higher-income township were more likely to take measures to lower glucose. Conclusions Future prevention and intervention programs for diabetes should be focused on both individual-level and township-level socioeconomic factors in ethnic minorities areas of Yunnan Province.

Study on the corelation of sleep quality and anxiety in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

ZHANG Pan, LOU Pei-an, LOU He-qing, CHEN Pei-pei, QIAO Cheng, LI Ting, DONG Zong-mei, SHI Chun-lei

2016, 20(11): 1083-1087. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2016.11.002

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Objective To assess the corelation between sleep quality and anxiety in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods Cluster sampling was used in the study. Each patient completed a version of the Self-designed questionnaire, Pittsburgh sleep quality index and the Self-rating Anxiety Scale questionnaire. Laboratory testing as glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) were measured. The χ² test was used to calculate the difference in categorical data. Anxiety was treated as the dependent variable by adopting multiple logistic regression. Results A total of 578 questionnaires were collected. The rate of poor sleep quality was 31.83% among T2DM patients. The prevalence rate of anxiety was 44.12%. Stratifying according to sleep quality, the prevalence of anxiety was 35.53% in the good sleep quality group, and the prevalence of anxiety was 62.50% in the poor sleep quality group. The difference was significant between the two group (χ²=37.00, P<0.001). Stratifying according to whether the patients achieve successful blood glucose control, the difference was not significant in the group of acceptable blood glucose control (χ²=1.45, P=0.228). The difference was significant in the group of unacceptable blood glucose control (χ²=37.82, P<0.001). After adjustment for confounders (such as gender, ages, the level of education, diabetes complications, depression etc), poor sleep quality was positively associated with anxiety in T2DM patients (OR=2.73, 95% CI:1.87-3.98). Sleep-related factors (perceived poor sleep quality, sleep disturbance and daytime dysfunction) were correlated with the risk of anxiety in T2DM patients (OR=1.84,1.82,2.49). Conclusions Sleep quality is inversely associated with anxiety in T2DM patients.

Analysis on diabetes awareness rate and its influencing factors among adults in Changsha City

XIE Qiang-ming, HUANG Yuan-xiu, CHEN Fa-ming, LIU Kun, CHEN Shan

2016, 20(11): 1088-1091. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2016.11.003

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Objective To understand diabetes awareness among residents in Changsha city and to discuss the influencing factors. Methods A multi-stage stratified random sampling method was conducted in residents (≥18 years old) from five counties or districts. Results The diabetes prevalence rate among residents above 18 years old was 10.06%, and the rate of diabetes awareness was 63.86%. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that the main influencing factors of diabetes awareness were age, district, degree of education, hypertension, drinking, exercise, salt intake and oil intake. The age, the degree of education were positively associated with the diabetes awareness rate (P<0.001, P=0.011,respectively). The diabetes awareness rate in urban (69.27%) was higher than in rural (57.70%) (χ²=28.469,P<0.001).The people who suffered from both diabetes and hypertension (68.14%) had a higher awareness rate than the people who only had diabetes (57.47%) (χ²=23.330, P<0.001). The diabetes patients who don't drink (P<0.001) and often do exercises (P<0.001) had a higher awareness rate. Conclusions The diabetes prevalence rate was high in Changsha adults, but the diabetes awareness rate was low. Health education and blood sugar screening should be strengthened to increase the rate of diabetes awareness, and to prevent and delay the complications.

Prevalence of overweight and obesity among elderly people and the association between them and chronic disease in Wuhan

LI Fang, LI Chang-feng, GUO Yan, WANG Liang, YAN Ya-qiong, GONG Jie

2016, 20(11): 1092-1094,1105. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2016.11.004

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Objective To describe the prevalence of overweight and obesity and investigate the relationship between body mass index and chronic diseases among elderly people in Wuhan. Methods Data was collected from health status census on all elder people aged over 65 in Wuhan. A total of 372 990 elders aged over 65 were included in the study, their investigation questionnaires, physical examination, laboratory tests and abdominal B-ultrasound examination results. Results The prevalence of overweight and obesity among elderly people were 29.03% and 8.36%, respectively. And the prevalence in urban area (33.37%, 9.98%) were higher than rural area (24.82%, 6.78%), also the rate in women (29.35%, 9.87%) were higher than men (28.66%, 6.62%) and it decreased with age. After adjusting the area, gender and age, high body mass index was a risk factor of hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, fatty liver, coronary heart disease and stroke also is an advantage of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Conclusions The prevalence of overweight and obesity among elderly people in Wuhan is high, overweight and obesity are major risk factors of cardiovascular diseases and metabolic diseases such as hypertension and diabetes.

Progress in research of single nucleotide polymorphism of susceptibility genes of type 2 diabetes

YU Fang-lin, YE Ying, YAN Yan-sheng

2016, 20(11): 1095-1100. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2016.11.005

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Type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM) is considered to be a complex polygenic disease, with high genetic heterogeneity. The different susceptibility genes from different genetic background, different regions and ethnic groups, have been involved in the development of T2DM. In recent years, the researches of correlation between single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP) and onset of T2DM progressed greatly, but have not found any SNP associated with T2DM in all groups. This review focuses on the relevant SNPs in T2DM susceptibility gene and the research progress in pathogenesis.

Prediction on the relationship between mismatch repair MSH3rs26279,MSH5rs2075789,MLH3rs175080,MSH6rs1042821 and hepatocellular carcinoma

LIU Ying, WU Ying-li, LIU Xiao-gang, LIU Chun-mei, WANG Yuan-yuan, ZHANG Xiao-lin, LIU Dian-wu

2016, 20(11): 1101-1105. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2016.11.006

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Objective To study the prediction effect of Mismatch repair gene and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Methods A hospital-based case-control study on hepatocellular carcinoma was conducted.226 HCC and benign liver tumor patients were recruited as case group and control group, respectively. Their pathological data and tissue DNA were collected from October 2012 to May 2014. Applied Biotechnology,also know as technology developed SNaPshot, a small sequencing were used for genotyping MSH3rs26279,MSH5rs1150793, rs2075789, MSH6rs1042821, MLH3rs175080, PMS1rs5742933 and PMS2rs1059060. Unconditional Logistic regression were used to analyze MSH3, MSH5, MSH6, MLH3, PMS1 and PMS2 genotype frequencies in both groups. Resuts MSH3rs26279AG and GG genotype(OR values were 1.587 and 2.852,95% CI were 1.206-2.689 and 1.863-5.734), MSH5rs2075789AA genotype(OR=10.123, 95% CI:1.526-69.258), MLH3rs175080AA genotype (OR=3.867,95% CI:1.143-9.589) had increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma; MSH6rs1042821CT genotype(OR=0.716,95% CI:0.497-0.942) had lower risk of hepatocellular carcinoma; no collection of MSH5rs1150793, PMS1rs5742933 and PMS2rs1059060 with hepatocellular carcinoma(P>0.05) were found. Conclusions Mismatch repair genes MSH3,MSH5,MLH3 and MSH6 might associated with the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma,which the polymorphism of rs26279, rs2075789, rs175080 and rs1042821 are risk factors of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Association between passive smoking and tongue cancer: a case-control study

YAN Ling-jun, HE Bao-chang, CHEN Fa, HUANG Jiang-feng, LIU Fang-ping, LIU Feng-qiong, QIU Yu, LIN Li-song, CAI Lin

2016, 20(11): 1106-1109,1113. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2016.11.007

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Objective To investigate the association between passive smoking and tongue cancer in residents in Fujian Province. Methods A case-control study was performed including 190 tongue cancer cases with pathologically confirmed and 686 community controls from September 2010 to January 2015. Unconditional logistic regression analysis was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) between passive smoking and tongue cancer, and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Stratified analysis was carried out on the sex, age, and residence to explore possible difference in association between subgroups. Results Passive smoking was positively associated with the risk of tongue cancer; adjusted ORs were 2.813 (95% CI:1.581-5.005) for those only initiated before the age of 18, 1.666 (95% CI:1.055-2.631) for those only initiated after the age of 18, and 2.690 (95% CI:1.674-4.322) for those both initiated before and after the age of 18. With the decrease in the initiated age and increase in daily exposure duration as well as duration of passive smoking, the risk of tongue cancer was elevated (all P_trend<0.05). Stratified analysis indicated that passive smokers in female or in people aged 60 and over had higher risk of tongue cancer, compared with those in male or in people aged under 60. Conclusions Passive smoking is an independent risk factor for tongue cancer. Avoiding passive smoking could reduce the incidence of tongue cancer to a certain extent.

The epidemiological characteristics of esophageal cancer of Anhui Province in 2012

ZHANG Er-qing, DAI Dan, ZHA Zhen-qiu, ZHU Qi-xing

2016, 20(11): 1110-1113. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2016.11.008

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Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of esophageal cancer of Anhui Province in 2012. Methods The incidence and mortality of esophageal cancer of Anhui Province were analyzed, age-specific incidence and mortality of esophageal cancer were calculated stratified by urban or rural,gender and age group. Chinese population census in 2000 were used for age-standardized incidence/mortality rates. Results The crude incidence of esophageal cancer was 26.73/100 000,incidence standardized by Chinese standard population (ASR China) was 20.80/100 000 with the cumulative incidence rate(0-74 years old) of 2.64%. The crude mortality of esophageal cancer was 17.77/100 000,mortality standardized by Chinese standard population (ASR China) was 13.67/100 000, and the cumulative mortality rate(0-74 years old) was 1.60%. The morphology verified cases (MV%) of esophageal cancer in Anhui Province was 68.04%,5.04% of incident cases were identified through death certifications only (DCO%), and the ratio of mortality to incidence was 0.66. Conclusions This study reflects the incidence and mortality of esophageal cancer in urban and rural areas of Anhui Province in 2012, The incidence and mortality of esophageal cancer in Anhui is about the same as in China. The early diagnosis and treatment measures should be carried out in male and older than 60 years population.

A case-control study of congenital heart disease risk factors among 1 009 infants

CHEN Xiao-yuan, WANG An-hui, SU Hai-li

2016, 20(11): 1114-1116. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2016.11.009

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Objective To investigate the maternal exposure risk factors during periconceptional period and infants congenital heart disease(CHD) incidence risk. Methods All infants were collected from Xijing Hospital and diagnosed with CHD from March 1st, 2012 to October 1st 2013. Healthy controls were selected from those infants with no CHD after ultrasonic cardiogram at the same time. The questionnaire were carried out among CHD cases and controls including general information of infants and their parents, the maternal exposure to environmental risk factors during periconceptional period. Results 435 infants with congenital heart disease and 574 healthy controls were included in this study. Results showed that medicine application during the first trimester of pregnancy (OR=4.65, 95% CI:2.84-7.66), virus infection(OR=3.15, 95% CI:1.66-6.01), home decoration(OR=1.87, 95% CI:1.24-2.80), hair perming and dying(OR=2.18, 95% CI:1.37-3.49)and parents work environment exposures during peri-conceptional(OR=2.88,95% CI:1.86-4.47) are all independent risk factors for congenital heart disease. The risk of CHD increased significantly as the number of risk factors increased. Compared with 1 risk factor, exposure to 3 or more risk factors leads to a 16-fold risk of CHD. Conclusions There are significant association between risk factors exposure during periconceptional period and CHD in infants.

Investigation on group exercise in parks and communities in Xicheng District of Beijing

HONG Hang, MA Xiao-jun, LIN Chao, ZHANG Xuan, ZENG Guang, ZHANG Li-jie, PEI Ying-xin, LIU Hui-hui

2016, 20(11): 1117-1119,1123. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2016.11.010

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Objective To investigate the habit, demand and self-assessment of health of some participants and provide evidence for policy decision. Methods Two parks and four communities were selected randomly. Group exercise participants were interviewed face to face with anonymous questionnaire in April 2015. Results Totally 222 participants were interviewed. The proportion of male was low (17.6%).Comparing to health condition before taking part in group exercise, most participants felt more energetic(82.9%), better mood(76.6%), better sleep (65.3%),having more friends (52.7%),less hospital visits(50.5%) and the mean of BMI declined from 24.6 kg/m² to 23.8 kg/m²(t=7.6, P<0.001). After joining group exercise, the proportion of overweight declined from previous 39.6% to current 33.3% (χ²=1.9, P=0.168) and the proportion of obese declined from 13.5% to 7.7% (χ²=4.0, P=0.045).64.9% participants stuck to exercise in smog day. Some other bad habits still existed such as exercise on an empty stomach (20.7%), wearing high heels (13.5%) and skin-tight pants (14.4%). 21.2% participants in parks and 53.0% participants in communities thought exercise space was not enough. Conclusions Group exercise had a positive impact to participants' physical and mental health. Governments should advocate group exercise and encourage more men to participate such exercise. The government should organize experts to provide professional instruction for participants so they can fully benefit from such exercise.

A qualitative study on evaluation of field public health physician related to two dengue vector surveillance methods: larval survey and mosq-ovitrap

HUANG Jian-hua, SHI Ting-li, ZHOU Jing-zhong, CHEN Yuan-yuan, FENG Xi-biao, CHEN Qing, YU Shou-yi

2016, 20(11): 1120-1123. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2016.11.011

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Objective To explore evaluation of larval survey and mosq-ovitrap in grass-roots public health physician, and provide evidence for improvement of vector surveillance and making effective monitoring plans. Methods Semi-structured, individual in-depth interviews were conducted with field staff from basic health departments in Baiyun District, Guangzhou. Coding analyses were made by ATLAS.ti 6. Results Fourteen directors of vector-surveillance units were recruited. Larval surveys were considered as a labor-intensive monitoring method. Irresponsible attitudes as well as inaccessibility of urban premises can lead to a low-quality data collection. That larval survey equal each positive containers, and mosquitoes mainly breed in outdoor, were perceived as a methodological drawback and may limit its effectiveness. But it was mentioned that field workers can propagate knowledge about dengue fever and find mosquitoes breeding sites in the community. Mosq-ovitrap was said to be a time-saving method relatively. But it could not be placed in areas which were densely built and populated. The sizes of the cup body and cone shaped holes were considered too small to attract mosquitos. Results may differ even in the same area when placements were different. It was controversial that whether mosq-ovitrap was an efficient technique for detecting and monitoring Aedes populations. Conclusions Larval survey and mosq-ovitrap are quite different in cost, maneuverability and value. One should make the satisfactory monitoring plans according to specific conditions.

Analysis on epidemic situation of schistosomiasis surveillance points in Hubei Province from 2009 to 2014

SHAN Xiao-wei, CAI Shun-xiang, ZHOU Xiao-rong, CHEN Yan-yan, ZHANG Juan, LIU Jian-bing

2016, 20(11): 1124-1126. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2016.11.012

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Objective To analyze the epidemic situation of schistosomiasis surveillance points in Hubei Province from 2009 to 2014. Methods According to the scheme of schistosomiasis surveillance in Hubei Province (2009 edition), 207 endemic villages were selected, where the infection of residents and livestock, and the distribution of Oncomelania snails were monitored, and the the six year's data were analyzed. Results The infection rate of residents was decreased by 86.92% from 1.30% in 2009 to 0.17% in 2014. The infection rate of residents in inner embankment type was higher than other endemic types. The infection rate of residents showed an increasing trend in groups of different ages, with the 50-years age group being higher than other age groups. The infection rate of residents in farmers and fishermen were higher than those of other occupations. Conclusions The epidemic situation of schistosomiasis in Hubei Province was further reduced because of the comprehensive control measures implementation. The coverage rate in each age group, effort of health education in targeted groups, and management work of fishermen should be strengthened in the coming control strategy.

Analysis on spatial correlation between snail density and types of marshland geomorphology in Dongting Lake region of Yueyang City

ZHU Zheng, HE Qing-yun, SUN Ze-min

2016, 20(11): 1127-1130,1150. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2016.11.013

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Objective To discuss the spatial correlation between the classification of marshland geomorphology and snail density in Dongting Lake region of Yueyang city. Methods By using ArcGIS 10.2 Software, the paper classified the marshlands in Dongting Lake region of Yueyang city according to the topographical features, and generated a marshland type grid system consisting of 2 440 hexagons. By using the marshland snail survey data which was collected from 28 schistosomiasis protection and control stations of Yueyang City during 2010-2014, it established the hexagonal grid systems of living snails and infected snails. Processing a spatial correlation analysis between the marshland type grid system and the living snails and infected snails grid systems, the correlation between marshland geomorphology and snail density can be explored. Results The marshland in Dongting Lake region of Yueyang city could be divided into nine types. Among them, the average densities of living snails and infected snails in the pitting marshland were respectively 9.62 number/0.11 m² and 3.66 number/0.11 m², as the highest type. The marshland with outside levee and the island marshland took the second place. The estuary marshland, common marshland, narrow marshland and wide marshland were in the middle. The uplift marshland and marshland with forest had the relatively low snail densities. Conclusions The types of marshland geomorphology and the snail density have a significant spatial correlation. If some engineering measures can be adopted to change the geomorphology of pitting marshland and marshland with outside levee, the regional snail density might be decreased remarkably.

Whole genome sequencing and analysis of a pathogenic avian influenza A (H9N2) isolated from human

WU Yan-heng, SHI Wu-yang, LIN Jin-si, XIE Ying, ZHOU Ri-dong

2016, 20(11): 1131-1134,1143. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2016.11.014

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Objective The case involving human infection with pathogenic avian influenza A (H9N2) was identified. The full nucleotide sequence of the H9N2 virus was generated with next-generation sequencing and the sequence was evaluated on potential pandemic risk. Methods The full nucleotide sequence of the H9N2 virus was generated with next-generation sequencing Miseq system. Phylogenetic trees were constructed based on full-length nucleotide sequence of the eight genes to characterize functional amino acid motifs. Results The phylogenetic trees showed that the HA gene of H9N2 was in Eurasian lineage I, gene M in G1-like lineage and gene PB2 in G9-like lineage. NA formed a monophyletic clade in the external gene tree. PB1, PA, NP, NS were in the SH/F/98-like lineage. The cleavage site in HA gene was PSRSSR/GLF. The amino acid of receptor binding position 226 in HA was the Leucine (L). Three amino acids (sites 63-65) were deleted at the NA stalk region. The genes didn't mutate in position of L336M in PA, Q591R and E627K in PB2, which might improve the adaptability of the virus once mutated. But genes mutated in position of N30D and T215A in M1, L89V in PB2 and P42S in NS1, which might increase virulence. Except for S31N in M2 the potential antibiotic-resistant positions E119G, R152K, H274Y and R292K in NA, L26F, V27A, A30T, S31N, and G34E in M2 didn't mutate. eight glycosylation motifs in HA and eight in NA were changed, in which seven motifs and five motifs were in high degree of reliability, respectively. Conclusions Most key motifs in the H9N2 were relatively conservative. This H9N2 strain might not cause pandemic risk, while far more were needed in the dynamic molecular evolution monitoring.

The estimated disease burden of norovirus gastroenteritis in Guangzhou

WAN Zhuang, HUANG Qiong, ZHANG Yong-hui, YANG Fen, LU Ling-ling

2016, 20(11): 1135-1138. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2016.11.015

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Objective This study aims to estimate the disease burden of norovirus gastroenteritis in Guangzhou in 2014, and provide scientific evidence for the government's decision-making and control measures for infectious gastroenteritis and foodborne diseases. Methods The study was conducted by separately estimating the disease burden of both the outbreak and sporadic situations of norovirus gastroenteritis in Guangzhou. The indicators include disability-adjusted life years, morbidity, hospitalisation rate and morbidity. Data was acquired from monitoring hospitals, other research literature and the "public health emergency management information system". Results The total number of diarrhoea cases was approximately 3 092 230 in Guangzhou in 2014, of which 608 860 cases were related to a norovirus infection. The annual incidence of norovirus gastroenteritis was 4 655/100 000 people, with a hospitalisation rate of 0.03%. There were also six cases of outbreaks in Guangzhou in 2014, with an average prevalence of 2.63%. Integrating the data from sporadic and outbreak situations, the estimated disease burden of norovirus gastroenteritis in Guangzhou in 2014 was 2 212 DALYs. Conclusions The disease burden of norovirus gastroenteritis in Guangzhou is high, indicating that relevant health departments should strengthen their prevention, control and management efforts for norovirus gastroenteritis infections, in addition to increasing education and awareness.

Evaluation of data quality and influencing factors of integrated syndromic surveillance in rural Jiangxi Province, China

YIN Hao, ZHAO Qi, ZHOU Chang-ming, SONG Xiao-xiao, TAO Tao, XU Biao

2016, 20(11): 1139-1143. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2016.11.016

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Objective To assess the data reporting quality, and to explore potential influencing factors. Methods Multistage sampling and purposive sampling were used to select 162 health facilities, 62 primary schools and 30 pharmacies as study sites in two counties of Jiangxi Province. Chief complaints, over-the-count (OTC) drug sales and absenteeism were recorded and quality supervision was conducted. Self-developed questionnaires were used to investigate the data reporting quality and influencing factors. Results During the two years' implementation, the Integrated Surveillance System in Rural China (ISSC) collected 504 082 records of outpatients with specific syndromes, 916 669 records of OTC-drug sales and 18 402 records of school absenteeism. The timely report rates of the three data sources raised from 78.38%, 71.27% and 81.52% in the first month to 99.50%, 94.94% and 99.00% in the last month. Data reporters with a higher timely report improvement were those from village areas (OR=2.90, 95% CI:1.28-6.57), less educated (OR=2.36, 95% CI:1.07-5.21) and having been educated with computer operation skills during the research program (OR=2.72, 95% CI:1.41-5.24). Conclusions Syndromic surveillance data is proved to be collectable in resource limited settings. Quality of data improved greatly with the help of a set of supervision measures. The timely report rate stabled above 90% across all three data sources after one years' implementation suggests that it is feasible to establish an integrated syndromic surveillance system in the long run.

Logistic regression analysis on risk factors of dental fluorosis

LIU Ya, WANG Qiong, LAI Jin-feng, CHEN Jian-guo, WANG Chong-lin, YE Yun-li

2016, 20(11): 1144-1146. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2016.11.017

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Objective To investigate the prevalence rate of dental fluorosis of primary and secondary school students in Gulin county and explore the influencing factors. Methods Stratified cluster sampling method was adopted and the unified questionnaire was conducted among primary and secondary school students in light, medium and serious endemic areas of Gulin county. Results The prevalence rate of primary and secondary school students' dental fluorosis was 56.32% in Gulin county, and students aged 8-12 accounted for 50.00%. The pass rate of health knowledge examination was only 37.12%. Age (OR=1.419, 95% CI:1.255-1.605), living in rural areas (OR=1.416,95% CI:1.120-1.790) or serious endemic areas (OR=1.747,95% CI:1.600-1.906) were major risk factors for the occurrence of dental fluorosis. The better the family economic condition (OR=0.765,95% CI:0.656-0.892) or education background of mothers was(OR=0.899,95% CI:0.828-0.977), the lower prevalence rate of dental fluorosis would be. Conclusions The prevalence rate of dental fluorosis in Gulin is still high, and the influencing factors include age, family economic condition, education background of mother etc. Paying attention to influencing factors and taking comprehensive control measures will make the dental fluorosis prevention and control more effective and sustainable.

Analysis on the prevalence features and risk factors about workplace violence in diagnosis and treatment organization of mental disorder

XU Guo-jian, FENG Fei, LIU Xiao-jian, JIN Dong, LIU Tie-bang, LI Li-ping

2016, 20(11): 1147-1150. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2016.11.018

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Objective To investigate the prevalence features of workplace violence (WPV) in the diagnosis and treatment organization of mental disorder, and to analyze the main influencing factors of WPV. Methods The workers from the diagnosis and treatment organization of mental disorder were respondents. Data related to the WPV were obtained by questionnaires during the past one year, and the logistic regression method was used to analyze the influencing factors. Results A total of 238 workers were investigated.184 of respondents had been suffered from WPV. The total incidence rate of WPV was 77.31%. The highest frequency was psychological violence (61.15%). The WPV percent of male were higher than that of female. The age of 33.20±7.69 was the majority, and the day shift were most frequently than other time (74.46%),and the location most likely for WPV were in patient department (64.13%).The doctors and nurses were high-risk groups (OR=16.03,95% CI:7.75-33.15). Conclusions There are high incidence rate of WPV in the diagnosis and treatment organization of mental disorder. Available intervening measures are the way to cut down the rate of violence.

Analysis of awareness, usage and requirement of MOOC among preventive medicine students

LENG Rui-xue, TAO Wen-feng, LU Lin, FAN Yin-guang, PAN Hai-feng, YE Dong-Qin

2016, 20(11): 1151-1153,1181. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2016.11.019

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Objective To investigate the awareness, usage and requirement of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOC) among preventive medicine students in a medical university in Anhui Province, and provide the scientific basis for promoting applications of MOOC in public health. Methods Preventive medicine undergraduates and some graduate students were recruited from the university. The related data was collected though a self-designed questionnaire. Results A total of 317 students participated in this investigation. In the aspect of MOOC awareness, only 2.5% students were well aware of the MOOC, and 37.5% were completely unaware. It should be noted that 57.1% students (113/198) knew about MOOC though recommendation of their teachers. For the usage of the MOOC, 45.1% students said that they had taken the course, and 29.7% students had completed at least one MOOC course. In the aspect of MOOC requirement, 72.9% students considered it is necessary to be offered MOOC courses. In addition, sex and grade may have an influence on awareness, usage and requirement of MOOC among these students. Conclusions The study show a low level of the awareness, usage of MOOC but a relatively high level of requirement in these preventive medicine students. Enhanced MOOC propaganda among students by high schools and teachers may be beneficial to improve the utilization of MOOC.

Status of premarital sexual behavior and associated influencing factors analysis among college students in Hefei, China

LIU Yu-jie, WANG An-ni, WANG Peng, BAO Bang-he, BI Chang-long, TONG Bu-sheng

2016, 20(11): 1154-1156,1164. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2016.11.020

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Objective To know premarital sexual behavior status and investigate risk factors associated with sexual behavior among college students in Hefei so as to provide evidence for reproductive health education. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted among four colleges in Hefei. Students completed questionnaires anonymously and the content including social demographic characteristics, reproductive health knowledge, sexual attitude and sexual behavior etc. Results Totally, 508 college students participated the survey, 260 male and 248 female. 8.9%(45/508)of them had premarital sexual behavior and male students (14.6%) was significantly higher than female (2.8%) (χ²=21.864, P<0.001). Over 90% students who had sexual behavior did not know sexually transmitted diseases. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the risk factors associated with premarital sexual behavior included male, attitude towards accepting premarital sexual behavior, peers had premarital sexual experience, no need for identification cards to check in hotels around colleges. Conclusions Premarital sexual behavior is a potential risk factor of reproductive health among college students and it is necessary to call for more attention from administrative departments of college and education.

A KAP investigation in guardians on children vaccination in Xunhua Salar autonomous county, Qinghai Province

A Ke-zhong, LI Pu-ren, ZHOU Yu-qing, ZHANG Xuan, ZHU Xu

2016, 20(11): 1157-1160. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2016.11.021

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Objective To assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of children's guardians in ethnic minority areas of Qinghai Province on children vaccination and related influencing factors, and to understand efficient channels for vaccination information dissemination and communication. Methods Using the method of stratified random sampling, 240 children aged 0-6 years were selected from Xunhua County, Qinghai Province. Questionnaires were filled by the children's guardians. The data were analyzed by chi-square test and logistic regression models. Results Getting access of vaccination information (χ²=6.64, P=0.040) and KAP score (χ²=5.56, P=0.020) were the influencing factors for the children not or late vaccinated. Rural doctors were a main channel for the guardians obtaining vaccination related knowledge (93.75%), followed by relatives, friends, and colleagues (72.50%). The guardians trusted more on the vaccination knowledge from rural doctors, religious figures, and village cadres. Conclusions The guardians have insufficient vaccination related knowledge, attitude, and practice. In ethnic minority areas, enhanced dissemination and communication are needed to improve the awareness of vaccination of children's guardians. Village doctors, religious figures, village cadres, and relatives/friends might be appropriate to communicate vaccination information.

Inventory survey of the clinicians' KAP to the ethic review in one major hospital in Beijing

HONG Xue, JIANG Li-li, ZHAN Si-yan

2016, 20(11): 1161-1164. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2016.11.022

Abstract(349)

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Abstract:
Objective To investigate clinicians' knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) about ethical review and to provide reference data for hospital research ethics management. Methods Using random sampling method stratified by professional titles, 211 clinicians in a first class hospital in Beijing were investigated by self-developed questionnaire. Descriptive analysis was completed by SPSS 20.0 software. Results There were 76(36.0%) in 211 clinicians clearly knew the basic requirements and application process of ethical review and 171(81.0%) of the 211 were in favor of ethical review about biomedical research involving human. 134(71.7%) of the 187 clinicians who involved in medical research involving human could take the initiative to apply for ethics review. Conclusions Most clinicians think that medical research involving human subjects should be ethically reviewed. But the specific ethical review requirements and processes are inadequate understanding. The initiative of applying ethical review has yet to be improved.

Immunoregulation function of long noncoding RNA in rheumatic diseases

WU Guo-cui

2016, 20(11): 1165-1171. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2016.11.023

Abstract(334)

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Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), with size larger than 200 nucleotides, is a new class of noncoding RNA. Emerging evidence has revealed that lncRNAs play a key role in the regulation of immunological functions and autoimmunity, thereby participate in the onset and development of rheumatic diseases. Herein, we review the recent findings of lncRNA regulation in immune functions and in the development of rheumatic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Sjogren syndrome (SS), osteoarthritis (OA) and ankylosing spondylitis (AS).

Research progress of human papilloma virus immune evasion mechanisms

TIAN Tian, CAI Ai-jie, HUANG Bing-xue, DAI Jiang-hong

2016, 20(11): 1172-1175. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2016.11.024

Abstract(553)

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Abstract:
Human papilloma virus infection can cause warts at infected site, cancer and other pathological changes. Most people can eliminate the virus in 4-20 months after exposure to HPV, however, the virus may continue existing in the body andlead to precancerous lesions and cancer in a small number of people. The discrepant outcomes of HPV infection depend on multiple factors, especially the interactions between host defense and virus, whereby an effective host immune response is particularly important.HPV escape from the host immune system is the key point of HPV persistence. In this review, we summarize relevant mechanisms of the evasion of the host immune system after HPV virus infection.

The distribution and general situation on epidemiology studies of tsutsugamushi disease in China

GONG Jian-ren

2016, 20(11): 1176-1181. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2016.11.025

Abstract(400)

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Abstract:
Around 1986, there was outbreak or epidemic of tsutsugamushi disease in the northern provinces of China. Following that, a number of investigations were carried out. Here an overview of the geographical distribution and general situation on tsutsugamushi disease in China was summarized.

The correlation analysis between life quality and social support among people at the age of 50 years or above living with HIV/AIDS in Yunnan Province

ZOU Ya-qin, HAN Yu, JIA Man-hong, SHI Yu-hua, ZHANG Xiao-bo, LU Lin

2016, 20(11): 1182-1183,1186. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2016.11.026

Abstract(259)

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Correlation study between lifestyle and BMI in adults

PING Wei-wei, TAN Hong-zhuan, CAO Wen-jun, LIU Yan-bin, ZHENG Jian-zhong

2016, 20(11): 1184-1186. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2016.11.027

Abstract(269)

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2016 Vol. 20, No. 11

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Editor

Editor-in-Chief Ye Dongqing M.D.

Assistant editor Fan Yinguang M.D.

Assistant editor Pan Haifeng M.D.

Assistant editor