中华疾病控制杂志

Progress and prospect on injury prevention and control in China

YUAN Hui, WANG Sheng-yong

2017, 21(10): 971-973,978. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2017.10.001

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Injury is a public health issue that cannot be ignored. Injury seriously threatens people's life and health. Death, disability and other consequences caused by injuries also bring heavy burden of disease and financial loss to social, family and individuals. Since 1980s, injury prevention and control in China developed rapidly in the continuous efforts of a large number of indefatigable experts and staffs of injury prevention and control. This paper reviewed the achievements and problems of Chinese injury prevention and control in the past 30 years, and could provide suggestions for future work.

Association between added sugars and salt intake with blood pressure in Tianjin residents

TIAN Shuang-li, XIN Peng, WANG Zi-bing, LI Wei, XUE Xiao-dan, ZHANG Shuang, WANG De-zheng, JIANG Guo-hong

2017, 21(10): 974-978. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2017.10.002

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Objective To analyze the intake of added sugars and salt and their association with hypertension in Tianjin residents, so as to provide a more reliable basis for primary prevention of hypertension. Methods Data was collected from 2010-2012 Chinese residents' nutrition and health condition surveillance. The added sugars and salt were record using successive 3 days 24 hours dietary retrospective method and seasoning weight method and food frequency method. Results The standard intake of added sugars and salt were 24.10g and 14.68g respectively among Tianjin residents per people per day. In hypertension population, there were significant differences in systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure among all groups of added sugars (all P<0.05). In Tianjin residents, the differences in blood pressure among all groups of salt were significant (all P<0.05). Conclusions The added sugars intake was within the dietary guidelines recommended range. But in the hypertension people, the added sugars intake should be noticed. The salt level was higher than the guidelines recommended, the blood pressure rise with the increase of salt intake.

The prevalence and associated factors of antihypertensive medication use in urban and rural community-dwelling elderly with hypertension in Lu'an City

ZHAO Jia-ning, YANG Lin-sheng, ZHANG Dong-mei, BAO Yuan-song, CAO Hong-juan, LI Kai-chun, XIE Shao-yu, TAO Fang-biao, LIU An-nuo, WANG Qu-nan, LIU Kai-yong, MA Ying

2017, 21(10): 979-982. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2017.10.003

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Objective To investigate the prevalence and associated factors of antihypertensive medication use in urban and rural community-dwelling elderly with hypertension. Methods A total of 1 080 elderly people from two communities in urban and rural areas in Lu'an City, Anhui Province were invited to participate in the questionnaire and physical examination. Results Of 1 080 elderly people, 1 029 with complete data were analyzed, including 669 patients with hypertension. The prevalence of antihypertensive medication use was 43.6% (292/669), and 68.9% (461/669) patients knew they had suffered from hypertension, of which the prevalence of antihypertensive medication use was 63.3% (292/461). The prevalence of antihypertensive medication use among hypertensive patients was higher in urban community than in rural community, and the difference was statistically significant (χ²=216.267,P<0.001). No statistically significant difference was found between males and females in the prevalence of antihypertensive medication use (χ²=0.122,P=0.727).Although there was a trend of increasing prevalence with age for antihypertensive medication use, no statistically significance was observed (χ²=5.581,P=0.061). The multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that the possibility of antihypertensive medication use among elderly patients in urban community was 8.290 times (95% CI:4.809-14.290,P<0.001) campared with patients with hypertension in rural community. Compared to the agricultural or forestry personnels, the possibility of antihypertensive medication use among elderly from state-owned enterprises or professional and technical personnels and commercial and service personnels was 1.959 times (95% CI:1.067-3.597,P=0.030) and 2.906 times (95% CI:1.297-6.513,P=0.010). Compared to patients without family history of hypertension, the possibility of antihypertensive medication use among patients with family history of hypertension was 1.571 times (95% CI:1.053-2.343,P=0.027). Conclusions The prevalence of antihypertensive medication use among urban and rural community-dwelling elderly with hypertension is low, especially for elderly without family history of hypertension or from rural community. More attention should be paid to improving their prevalence of antihypertensive medication use.

Association of serum adiponectin and hypersensitive C-reactive with pre-hypertension of rural residents in Ningxia

LI Xiao-xia, LIU Wan-lu, LIU Sha, HUANG Li-xia, ZHANG Hui-ling, LIU Xiu-ying, ZHAO Yi, XU Hong-xia, ZHANG Yu-hong

2017, 21(10): 983-987. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2017.10.004

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Objective To analyse the association of serum adiponectin and hypersensitive C-reactive protein(hs-CRP) with pre-hypertension of rural residents in Ningxia, and to explore the effect of serum adiponectin and hs-CRP on pre-hypertensive. Methods On the basis of a cross-sectional study which was conducted in Ningxia during 2008-2012, subjects were classed by diagnostic criteria into three groups. Anthpometric data and blood samples were collected. Serum adiponectin and hs-CRP were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Serum adiponectin levels decreased with elevated blood pressure (Z=41.798,P<0.001), whereas an opposite pattern of differences was observed for serum hs-CRP (Z=31.213,P<0.001). After adjustment for confounders, serum adiponectin was inversely associated with body mass index(BMI),waist circumference(WC), waist-hip ratio(WHR), fasting blood glucose(FBG), HOMA-insulin resistance(HOMA-IR), diabolic blood pressure(DBP), total cholesterol(TC) and triglycerides(TG), and positively correlated with high density lipoprotein-cholesterol(HDL-C) (all P<0.05). A significant positive association also existed between serum hs-CRP and BMI, WC, WHR, FBG, systolic blood pressure(SBP) and TG (all P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis indicated serum adiponectin was independently associated with pre-hypertension(OR=0.462, 95% CI:0.263-0.811,P=0.007), hs-CRP may not be an independent risk factor of pre-hypertension in the rural residents in Ningxia(all P>0.05). Conclusions Serum adiponectin and serum hs-CRP levels were changed in pre-hypertensive, and related multiple cardiovascular risk factors in pre-hypertensive population. Serum adipomecin is the protective factor of pre-hypertensive.

Current situation concerning community health service worker knowledge and management of prevention and control of hypertension in Donghu District of Nanchang City

GAN Shao-hui, ZHOU Xiao-jun, LI Qi, CHEN Yu-jie, LIU Deng-lai, WEN Hua-bin, ZENG Yi-xuan, PENG Yi-jing

2017, 21(10): 988-992. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2017.10.005

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Objective To assess the current situation of hypertension related knowledge and management by community health workers in Donghu District and to provide the basis to optimize prevention and control of hypertension in Donghu District. Methods Using the census method, 390 workers from 24 community health service institutions in Donghu District were investigated, and the results were analyzed statistically. Results There were total 390 workers from community health service institutions investigated in Donghu District, among which 290 were medical staff, accounting for 74.36%, with a ratio of 1.34 nurses per physician. Health workers with associated degree or with primary title accounted for 68.46% and 47.95% respectively. There were 0.30 community doctors per 1 000 residents. The training rate of prevention and treatment of hypertension among medical staff was 87.59%, which provincial training or above was 25.98%. The awareness rate of hypertension drugs, risk factors, prevention, treatment, complications and measurement was 43.79%, 80.69%, 87.24%, 53.10%, 90.69%, 96.90% and 78.62%, respectively. The participation rate of hypertension prevention, filing, follow-up and self-management group guidance was 93.10%, 85.52%,53.79% and 20.69%, respectively. The awareness rate of hypertension related knowledge and the participation rate of related work were different among different medical staff (all P<0.05). The satisfaction rate of hypertension treatment and prevention was 31.04% and 32.41% respectively. Conclusions The human resource allocation of community health service needs to be optimized. Measures should be taken to improve the ability, participation and satisfaction of hypertension prevention and control among medical staff.

Analysis of the risk factors for primary liver cancer in Shunde region, Guangdong

LIN Zi-bo, QI Yong-fen, ZHOU Xin-feng, LV Wei-biao, ZHOU Cheng-yu, LIU Li, YU Xin-fa, CHEN Si-dong

2017, 21(10): 993-996,1001. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2017.10.006

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Objective To explore the risk factors of primary liver cancer in Shunde, Guangdong, and to provide scientific basis for prevention of liver cancer. Methods A frequency-matched case-control study was conducted, including 757 liver cancer cases and 1 061 controls. The non-conditional Logistic regression model was applied to explore the potential risk factors. Results There were no significant differences in distribution of sex and age between cases and controls (P>0.05). As shown by the multivariate Logistic regression analysis, the factors associated with the risk of liver cancer included chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (OR=25.82,95% CI:18.11-36.83,P<0.001), family history of cancer (OR=2.58,95% CI:1.72-3.88,P<0.001), smoking (OR=2.92,95% CI:2.01-4.26,P<0.001), alcohol drinking (OR=1.93,95% CI:1.34-2.79,P<0.001), drinking river water or ditch pond water (OR=3.82,95% CI:2.72-5.35,P<0.001), eating raw fish (OR=2.47,95% CI:1.47-4.12,P=0.001), eating pickled food (OR=2.57,95% CI:1.86-3.55,P<0.001), tea drinking (OR=0.21,95% CI:0.14-0.30,P<0.001) and in-service status (OR=0.34,95% CI:0.23-0.50,P<0.001). Conclusions Chronic HBV infection, family history of cancer, smoking, alcohol drinking, drinking river water or ditch-pond water, eating raw fish and eating pickled food are the risk factors for primary liver cancer, while tea drinking and in-service status may be protective factors.

Analysis on mortality and PYLL of malignant tumor in Yinchuan of Ningxia Province from 2011 to 2015

LI Yan, ZHANG Yan-ping, LIU Lan

2017, 21(10): 997-1001. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2017.10.007

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Objective To collect and sort out the information about the malignant tumor among the local people in Yinchuan from 2011 to 2015, and to analyze the distribution,the death situation and the trend of changes, which can provide scientific evidence for the prevention and control of malignant tumor. Methods The data of malignant tumor deaths in Yinchuan from the year of 2011 to 2015 were collected, the mortality, the sequence of the cause of death and the potential years of life lost (PYLL), potential years of life lost rate (PYLLR) and average years of life lost (AYLL) were calculated and analyzed, Chi square test was used. Results 7 775 people were died from malignant tumor among these 5 years, accounting for 19.56% of the total number of deaths, the average mortality rate was 75.53 per 10 million, and the rate was higher in male than in female with a significant difference (χ²=409.50,P<0.001).Lung cancer, gastric cancer, liver cancer, colorectal cancer and esophageal cancer were among the top 5 in many malignant tumors, which accounted for 67.61% of the total deaths of malignant tumors. The PYLL, PYLLR and AYLL of top ten cancers were 32 390 years, 3.14 per thousand and 71.56 years. Conclusions Malignant tumor is the main cause of death of residents in Yinchuan, especially lung cancer, gastric cancer, liver cancer and colorectal cancer. Thus, currently, carrying out comprehensive prevention and control is the primary task of public health work. The work may contain community cancer prevention, health education, high-risk population screening, early diagnosis and early treatment of malignant tumors, etc.

Analysis on trends in lung cancer incidence during 2010-2014 in Jiangxi Province:based on 6 population-based cancer registries

XIONG Xiao-ling, LIU Jie, ZHU Li-ping, XU Yan, YAN Wei, CHEN Yi-ying, WEI Qing-feng

2017, 21(10): 1002-1004,1013. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2017.10.008

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Objective To analyze the trends in lung cancer incidence during 2010-2014 in cancer registries of Jiangxi Province, and provide evidence for the development of strategies for lung cancer prevention. Methods The data of lung cancer in cancer registries of Jiangxi Province were collected to calculate the incidence, age-standardized incidence, cumulative rate, truncated rate, percentage change of incidence (PC), annual percentage change of incidence (APC), etc. The APC was estimated by liner regression based on the logarithm of the incidence rates observed. Results The crude incidence of lung cancer in cancer registries of Jiangxi Province from 2010 to 2014 was 40.57/100 000. The age-standardized incidence by Chinese standard population (ASI China) was 24.99/100 000. The age-standardized incidence by world standard population (ASI world) was 33.44/100 000. The cumulative rate and truncated rate of those aged 0-74 and 35-64 were 4.00% and 44.32/100 000. The lung cancer incidence increased from 38.62/100 000 in 2010 to 43.92/100 000 in 2014. The APC of incidence, ASI China and ASI world were respectively 11.12%,10.46% and 11.38%, but the differences had no statistical significance. The lung cancer incidence showed increasing trend with age, and the increase in male was greater than that in female. Conclusions The lung cancer incidence increased year by year from 2010 to 2014 in cancer registries of Jiangxi Province. Males aged 45 years old and above were at a higher risk of lung cancer.

To investigate the residents' physical and health status among Bouyei and Han people in Longli County, Guizhou Province

PING Bo, WANG Ding-ming, WANG Ke, LUO Qian-tao, YU Yang-wen, XIE Xun-xiang, LUO Xian-jun, NIE Jing, WANG Yong-xiu, DONG Fen, SHAN Guang-liang

2017, 21(10): 1005-1008. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2017.10.009

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Objective To investigate the physical and health status among Bouyei and Han people in Longli County and to provide the basis for government policy formulation and implementation of comprehensive intervention. Methods By cluster random sampling method, Bouyei and Han peoples in 20 to 80 years old selected from 22 administrative villages of 11 communities or towns. Results The mean of height, weight, waist circumference, grip strength and vertical jump of Han was higher than that of Bouyei(all P<0.05). The mean of body sit and reach had no significant significance between Bouyei and Han people(t=1.715,P=0.086), women of all ages were higher than that of male (all P<0.05); Prevalence of obesity, hypertension and diabetes and the rate of dyslipidema were 6.9%, 38.0%, 3.8% and 25.9% respectively. Indeed, Han's prevalence of obesity, diabetes and dyslipidemia were higher than that of Bouyei's (all P<0.001), whereas prevalence of hypertension had no significant difference(χ²=1.765,P=0.184). Conclusions Physical indicators of Han people were higher than those of Bouyei people in Longli County. Prevalence of major chronic diseases of Han people were higher than that of Bouyei people.

Study on the correlation between thyroid nodules and obesity in Uyghur and Han nationalities in a community population of Urumqi

WANG Xin-ling, AIHEMAITIJIANG·Tuhuti, YIHEBALAN·Abudoureheman, GUO Yan-ying, XING Shu-qing, XIN Liang, ZHAO Hong-li

2017, 21(10): 1009-1013. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2017.10.010

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Objective To explore the relationship of thyroid nodules and obesity among Uygur and Han residents in a community of Urumqi. Methods A total of 2 068 community residents were investigated through questionnaires, medical examinations, and thyroid B ultrasound. Results The detection rate of thyroid nodule in this population was 27.6%, there was no significant difference (χ²=0.027, P=0.869) between Uyghur(27.4%) and Han nationality (27.8%); The detection rate of obesity was 30.0%, the prevalence was higher in Uyghur(38.9%) than Han nationality(21.1%), which has statistical significance (χ²=77.818, P<0.001); The detection rate of abdominal obesity was 66.6%, the prevalence was higher in Uyghur(70.2%) than Han nationality(63.0%), which has statistical significance (χ²=12.224, P<0.001). The detection rate of thyroid nodule was higher in people with obesity and abdominal obesity rather than non-obesity and non-abdominal obesity (all P<0.001). Logistic regression analysis showed that older age, female, overweight and obesity were independent risk factors of thyroid nodule in the total population(all P<0.05). Respectively in male and female showed that older age, abdominal obesity were independent risk factors of thyroid nodule(all P<0.05). Conclusions The detection rate of thyroid nodules, obesity and abdominal obesity is higher in the study population. Older age, female, overweight, obesity, and abdominal obesity are high-risk groups of thyroid nodule.

DING Xiao-ting, YANG Xiao-shan, WANG Wen-jie, LI Chen, XIAO Lin-qi, MAO Zong-fu

2017, 21(10): 1014-1017,1021. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2017.10.011

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Objective To investigate the health-related quality of life and examine its associated factors among older adults living in Wuhan. Methods A across-sectional study was conducted among 1 272 participants and EuroQol Five Dimensions Questionnaire (EQ-5D) was used to evaluate quality of life and questionnaire investigation. Multivariate linear stepwise regression was employed to analyze the associated factors with the health-related quality of life. Results Older adults had good quality of life living in Wuhan community-dwelling. Mean scores of the EQ-5D index and the visual analogue scale (VAS) were (0.79±0.25) and (60.76±23.53) respectively. Proportion of older adults reporting a good mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression were 86.00%, 91.03%, 87.18%, 75.53%, and 90.17% respectively. Multivariate regression analysis showed that having chronic diseases, doing physical exercise, and the number of persons contacted per day were associated with the quality of life, β' was -0.068 3(chronic diseases), 0.056 6(training 3-4 times a week), 0.078 2(training 5-7 times a week),0.106 5(contacting 10-19 people every day),0.099 7(contacting 20 people every day). In addition, having specific chronic diseases, such as hypertension (-0.085 5), diabetes (-0.137 2), ischemic heart disease (-0.144 6), gastroenteritis (-0.065 7) were associated with their quality of life(all P<0.05). Conclusions Having chronic diseases, the lack of exercise, and small social networks were associated with lower score of health-related quality of life among older adults in China.

A study on the evaluation index system for water bodies for childhood drowning in rural area

XU Hao-feng, MENG Rui-lin, ZHU Xu-hao, ZHOU Zhi-shan, XU Yan-jun, ZHU Yong-jian, LIN Li-feng, XU Xiao-jun

2017, 21(10): 1018-1021. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2017.10.012

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Objective To construct a scientific and reasonable evaluation index system for water bodies for childhood drowning in rural area. Methods The dimensions of the indicator system was determined based on the survey of water bodies. A 3-round Delphi process was conducted. The weight of index was calculated by method of proportionate allocation. Results The index system including 7 first-class indicators and 25 second-class indicators was developed in according to three rounds of Delphi consultations by 15 specialists. The response rate of three rounds was 100%, 93.3% and 100%, respectively. The specialist authority coefficient was 0.79. The W for each class of indicator was 0.862, 0.705, 0.823 and 0.696, respectively(all P<0.01). The CV for each indicator ranged from 0.00 to 0.20. Conclusions The index system established in the study has good reliability and feasibility.

A meta-analysis of incidence rate of injuries among preschool children in China

YIN Lei, LI Fang, CHEN Li-zhang

2017, 21(10): 1022-1026. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2017.10.013

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Objective To evaluate incidence rate of injuries among preschool children (3-6 years old) in China using meta-analysis, and to provide evidences for preventing injuries. Methods Data was searched from National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), WANFANG DATA, VIP Database for Chinese Technical Periodicals (VIP), China Biology Medicine disc (CBM) and PubMed. Observational studies associated with the incidence rate of injuries were included. R 3.2.3 software was used to estimate pooled incidence rate. Subgroup analysis was performed by gender, region and injury standards. Sensitivity analysis has conducted to evaluate the impact of research type and quality. Results Twenty-nine studies were included in this meta-analysis, with a total sample size of 45 022. The combined incidence rate of injuries was 16.05%(95% CI:11.06%-21.75%) for injured persons and 23.66% (95% CI:15.56%-34.27%) for times of injuries. Subgroup analysis showed that incidence rate of injuries were 20.94% for boys and 17.19% for girls. 9.69%, 19.79% and 28.34% injury cases were respectively reported in eastern, central and western region. 16.94%, 2.38% and 13.18% were respectively the injury standard of 1996, 2004 and 1986 National Center for Health Statistics in USA. The total injuries times rate were 22.44% for boys and 13.99% for girls, 19.45%, 25.47% and 35.00% were from eastern, central and western region. The differences among each subgroup were significant (all P<0.05). Conclusions The incidence of injuries among preschool children varied in genders, regions and injury standards. We should pay more attention to boys and children from western regions. At the same time, effective measures should be taken to prevent the occurrence of injuries.

Analysis of non-suicidal self-injury and its association with negative life events among college students

ZOU Kai, YIN Dan-dan, CHEN hui

2017, 21(10): 1027-1029,1034. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2017.10.014

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Objective To discuss non-suicidal self-injury(NSSI) and its association with life events among college students. Methods Using the cluster sampling, 1988 college students from two universities were administered by a designed questionnaire, which included Self-injury subscale and Adolescent Self Rating Life Events Check List. Multiple logistic regressions were used to analyze the relationship between non-suicidal self-injury and life events. Results 176(10.5%) participants engaged non-suicidal self-injury in past 12 months. The total and subscales scores of ASLEC in college students who engaged NSSI were significantly higher than who denied NSSI(all P<0.05). Multiple Logistic regression suggested that interpersonal relationship factor and punishment factor were associated with NSSI(all P<0.05). Conclusions NSSI is significantly associated with life events,which may increase the risk of NSSI among college students.

Analysis on cause of death and life loss caused by injury in Jinshan District, Shanghai, 1990-2016

ZHU Xiao-yun, MA Bi-ping, SUN Qiang

2017, 21(10): 1030-1034. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2017.10.015

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Objective To analyze the cause of death and life loss caused by injury in Jinshan District of Shanghai from 1990 to 2016 and provide suggestion for making strategy of prevention and control of injury. Methods The data was extracted from injury death registry database of Jinshan Distract; crude death rate, standardized death rate, potential years of life loss (PYLL), rate of potential years of life loss (PYLLR), standardized rate of potential years of life loss (SPYLLR) during 27 years were analyzed. Results In Jinshan district from 1900 to 2016, the injury-specific death rate was 51.39 per 100 thousands and the proportion of death of injury was 7.36% and ranked the 4th death cause. PYLLR of injury was 13.24‰ and was the 2nd death cause ranked by PYLLR. In the past 27 years, injury standardized death rate, PYLL and SPYLLR presented declining trend. The first four rank of injury death cause were traffic accident, falls, suicide and accidental drowning. The first rank of death cause of injury in 0-years old group was accidental drowning, its age-specific death rate was 11.24 per 100 thousands; In 15-years old group was traffic accident, its age-specific death rate was 21.21 per 100 thousands; In 65 years old group was falls, its age-specific death rate was 59.78 per 100 thousands; Ranked by PYLLR the first four death cause of injury were traffic accident, accidental drowning, suicide and falls, the PYLLR of the first four death cause ranged from 1.12‰ to 6.36‰. Conclusions Injury has become a serious public health problem which threatened badly to the residents' life security in Jinshan District. We should take targeted measures to prevent and control the occurrence of injuries.

Association between meteorology and influenza in Shenzhen

HUANG Zhi-feng, LIU Xiao-jian, YANG Lian-peng, ZOU Yu-hua, LI Ye, CAI Yun-peng, WU Yong-sheng

2017, 21(10): 1035-1038,1043. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2017.10.016

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Objective To assess the association between meteorology and influenza. Methods Records of ILI, meteorological factors and PM2.5 data were collected in Shenzhen during 2013-2014. Scatter plot and generalized additive model were used to analyze the relationship between meteorological factors and influenza. Results The pinnacle of influenza in Shenzhen mainly occured when the lowest average temperature per week was 20-27℃, relative humidity was 70%-85%,total precipitation per week was 0-150 mm and mean temperature difference was about 5.5℃. Generalized additive model displayed the lowest average temperature, relative humidity, total precipitation per week and mean temperature difference were associated with the influenza-like illness. Their RR(95% CI) were 0.978(0.976-0.979), 1.005(1.004-1.006), 1.016(1.012-1.020) and 1.028(1.023-1.033), respectively. Conclusions There may be a certain correlation between meteorology and influenza.

Trend and characteristics of pulmonary tuberculosis in students of Anhui Province, 2008-2016

FANG Xue-hui, ZOU Zheng, TANG Li, MA Dong-chun

2017, 21(10): 1039-1043. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2017.10.017

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Objective To explore the epidemiological features of students' pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in Anhui Province, and to provide scientific basis for the development of school TB prevention and control measures. Methods The data of tuberculosis among students were collected from the Infectious Diseases Reporting System (IDRS) in Anhui Province from 2008 to 2016, school and student information were collected from Statistical Yearbook of Anhui Province. Results The average incidence rate of students with active TB during 2008-2015 was 13.58/100 000. The average incidence rate of smear-positive pulmonary TB patients was 4.89/100 000, the incidence of smear-positive pulmonary TB was decreasing year by year(χ_trend²=678.71, P<0.001). A total of 11 880 cases of active pulmonary TB patients were reported from 2008 to 2016 in Anhui Province, the gender ratio was 1.75:1. Most of the cases were in 15-years, the highest incidence was in spring. The proportion of smear-negative lung TB was the highest among the patients with active lung TB in Anhui province in 2008-2016, with an average of 59.74%. In the composition of lung TB, the proportion of smear-positive pulmonary TB patients was decreasing year by year(χ_trend²=1 091.46, P<0.001). The proportion of smear-negative lung TB and tuberculosis pleurisy patients was increasing year by year(χ_{trend 1}²=711.69, P<0.001; χ_{trend 2}²=145.55, P<0.001). The rates of delayed treatment and the delayed diagnosis were 53.71% and 13.59% respectively. About 45.20% of patients were found by referral, higher than other means. The proportion of patients found by the physical examination was increasing year by year(χ_trend²=64.70, P<0.001). Conclusions The incidence of smear-positive pulmonary TB patients decreased year by year from 2008 to 2016. Most of the patients were in 15-years, and the highest incidence was in spring. Health examination and other ways to find patients increased year by year. The next step will be based on key populations and high incidence of time to strengthen student TB prevention and control work, continue to focus on the role of health examination in student tuberculosis discovery.

Analysis on the epidemiological characteristics of tuberculosis among floating population in Liaoning Province from 2006 to 2015

ZHONG Wei, MAO Ning, CAO Hong-wei, QI Wei, WANG Cui

2017, 21(10): 1044-1047. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2017.10.018

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Objective To find out the epidemiological characteristics of tuberculosis in floating population in Liaoning province and explore more reasonable measures for prevention and control of tuberculosis by analyzing the data of tuberculosis patients in floating population in Liaoning province from 2006 to 2015. Methods The medical data of tuberculosis patients in the cities of Liaoning province from 2006 to 2015 were collected and analyzed. The related characteristics of tuberculosis patients in floating population were analyzed. Results There were 8 369 cases of migrant population registered in Liaoning province from 2006 to 2015. Percentage of the registered patients with the floating population in total registered patients was increasing yearly (χ_trend²=112.90, P<0.001). The tuberculosis floating patients among different provinces accounted for 74.53% of the total number of floating population patients. The patients were concentrated during the 15-44 years old age group. 68.07% of the floating patients were concentrated in Dalian, but the proportion of Shenyang (χ_trend²=122.55, P<0.001) and Anshan (χ_trend²=11.51, P=0.001) increased year by year. Most patients were the household chores and unemployed. There is an upward trend (χ_trend²=498.41, P<0.001). In terms of patient origin, the proportion of patients with treatment was increased significantly (χ_trend²=141.85, P<0.001). Conclusions Epidemiologic characteristics of tuberculosis patients in floating population are more diversified. The prevention and control can be strengthened by expanding the scope of education, improving the cross-regional management system, strengthening health screening, increasing the rate of participating insurance and giving incentives.

Analysis of spatio-temporal epidemiology of severe hand, foot and mouth disease in Inner Mongolia from 2009 to 2016

HONG Zhi-min, HAO Hui, WANG Xiao-lei, WANG Wen-rui, WEI Li-dong

2017, 21(10): 1048-1051,1070. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2017.10.019

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Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and the temporal-spatial distribution of severe cases of hand foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Inner Mongolia from 2009 to 2016,and determine the key area, time and groups for the prevention and control and reduce the occurrence of severe cases. Methods Data collected from surveillance information of severe cases of HFMD in Inner Mongolia during 2009 to 2016 was analyzed. Results The incidence rate of severe HFMD cases was increased at first and then decreased, the peak value appeared in 2011. The severe cases of HFMD mainly occurred in children aged ≤ 3 years old, among which scattered children were at high risk. Males were more susceptible to severe HFMD than females in children aged ≤ 3 year old. The incidence peak of severe cases of HFMD appeared in 6-7 in the study years. A total of 1 278 cases were reported in Inner Mongolia from 2009 to 2016, with all annual incidence of 50.70 per l00 0000, accounting for 0.78% of the total. EV71 was major pathogens in severe cases of HFMD. The temporal and spatial clustering existed among the severe HFMD cases. The temporal dimension of HFMD was from May to July each year. The spatial dimension mainly distributed in the middle and south-west regions of Inner Mongolia. Conclusions Temporal and spatial clustering areas of severe HFMD were presented in this study. The incidence intensity varied obviously with region, which might be due to the climate factor. More attention should be paid to young children who have a high risk of severe HFMD to reduce disease incidence and strengthen the prevention and control of HFMD.

Epidemiological and etiological characteristics of hand, foot and mouth disease in Sichuan Province, 2009-2016

LIU Ya-qiong, YUAN Wei, LV Qiang

2017, 21(10): 1052-1056. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2017.10.020

Abstract(503)

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Abstract:
Objective To analyze the epidemic characteristics of hand foot and mouth disease(HFMD) in Sichuan Province from 2009 to 2014 and provide evidence for prevention and control. Methods A descriptive analysis was conducted by downloading the case-data of HFMD in Sichuan Province from 2009 to 2014 from the chinese national notifiable infectious disease reporting system. Results A total of 467 714 cases of HFMD were reported from 2009 to 2016, including 4 110 severe cases and 161 deaths. The average annual incidence rate was 71.95/100 000, the severe cases rate and fatality rate were 0.88% and 0.034%. Cases in children aged 5 or younger accounted for 93.04%. Boys had higher incidence than girls(1.49:1).The scattered children accounted for 63.34%. Two peaks of incidence were observed every year, with the highest occurring between April and July and the second occurring in November. The peak of severe cases was observed from April to July. The incidence in Chengdu plain and its surrounding areas were significantly higher than other regions. A total of 31 116 cases were laboratory confirmed cases, with coxsachie virus A16 (CoxA16) accounting for 25.95%, enterovirus 71 (EV71) accounting for 29.27% and other enteroviruses 44.78%. Conclusions HFMD in Sichuan Province had strong epidemic intensity, wide geographical distribution and long duration. It is necessary to monitor the pathogenic changes and strengthen the measures to prevention and control occurrence in the high risk population and areas.

Epidemiological characteristics and temporal-spatial clustering analysis on hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Jiangsu Province, 2011-2016

WANG Xiao-chen, LIU Wen-dong, QIN Yuan-fang, TIAN Hua, YUE Ming, TAN Zhong-ming, LI Zhi-feng, BAO Chang-jun, ZHANG Yun, HU Jian-li, ZHU Feng-cai

2017, 21(10): 1057-1060,1065. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2017.10.021

Abstract(359)

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Objective To analyze the epidemic characteristics of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Jiangsu Province, 2011-2016. Methods Retrospective analysis was carried on surveillance data of HFRS in National Diseases Reporting Information System with descriptive epidemiological method and retrospective space-time permutation scan statistics. Results A total of 1 733 cases were reported in Jiangsu Province, 2011-2016, with an average annual incidence of 0.36 per 100 000.The proportion of male to female was 1:0.30. 40-and 50-age groups were with higher incidence. Peasants accounted for 78.71% of the total cases and the proportion of household and unemployment were rising year by year(χ_trend²=4.446, P=0.035). Northern area of Jiangsu was with the highest incidence and a bimodal seasonal case distribution,with first peak occurring from October to January of next year and the second occurring from April to June. The spatial-temporal distribution of HFRS showed a certain character of space-time clustering by county and 5 clusters were detected. Conclusions The incidence of HFRS has increased from time to time since the 21st century. The epidemic intensity and temporal-spatial cluster in northern Jiangsu were different from those in Southern. Specific control and prevention measures should be further conducted in high-risk areas.

Analysis of incidence trend of syphilis report in Fuzhou City from 2011 to 2015

ZHU Xiao-kang, WANG Ke-qiang, SHANGGUAN Zhi-yang, WANG Jian-hui

2017, 21(10): 1061-1065. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2017.10.022

Abstract(491)

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Objective To analyze the epidemic trend and characteristics of syphilis in Fuzhou from 2011 to 2015, and put forward the corresponding countermeasures for prevention and control. Methods Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the syphilis epidemic situation from 2011 to 2015. Results The average annual incidence of syphilis was 13.17/100 000, and the incidence of syphilis showed an upward trend (χ_trend²=182.340, P<0.001), and the average annual growth rate was 22.50% during the 5 years. The incidences of latent syphilis (χ_trend²=199.544, P<0.001) and primary syphilis (χ_trend²=13.727, P<0.001) showed upward trend. The high incidence of syphilis areas included Guangchang County, Nanfeng County, Nancheng County, Le'an County, Linchuan District and Lichuan County. The infectious people were mainly farmers, householders and the unemployed, and the proportion of farmers showed downward trend (χ_trend²=8.191, P=0.004), while the proportion of householders and the unemployed showed an upward trend (χ_trend²=25.464, P<0.001). There were significant differences in the incidence of latent syphilis, primary syphilis, secondary syphilis and congenital syphilis in different sex groups (all P<0.05). The age of onset was mainly in the range of 20-49 years old, and the age distribution of different sexes was different. Conclusions Administrators need to take effective interventions for syphilis among high incidence areas, with farmers, householders and the unemployed fixed on, and strengthen sexual health education, and should make early detection, early diagnosis and early standardized treatment of latent syphilis and primary syphilis in Fuzhou City.

Association between maternal blood selenium concentration and congenital heart disease in offspring

JIANG Yan-ping, OU Yan-qiu, HAN Feng-zhen, MAI Jin-zhuang, NIE Zhi-qiang, LIU Xiao-qing

2017, 21(10): 1066-1070. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2017.10.023

Abstract(374)

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Objective To investigate the association of selenium (Se) concentration in the whole blood from pregnant women with congenital heart disease (CHD) in the offspring. Methods This case-control study enrolled pregnant women whose fetus were diagnosed with CHD by fetal echocardiography as cases (n=120), while those mothers with fetus without detected abnormality as controls (n=108). Maternal peripheral venous blood from all studied pregnant women were extracted and stored at the time of enrollment. The Se concentration was determined, and natural logarithm converted to LnSe to decrease the dispersion of distribution. LnSe level was divided into low, medium and high levels. Univariable and multivariable non-conditioned logistic models were used to explore the association of LnSe level and fetus CHD. Results The proportion of maternal education lower than high school, history of adverse pregnancy and smoking was higher in cases and controls with statistical significance(all P<0.05). Non-conditioned univariable logistic models showed that the medium and high level LnSe were significantly associated with decreased odd ratios(OR) of CHD and subtypes, compared with low level of LnSe. Adjusting for the factors of maternal age, prepregnant-BMI, maternal smoking, gestational week of samples collection and intake of folic acid, multivariable logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the adjusted OR for the high level LnSe was 0.29(95% CI:0.14-0.61), 0.37 (95% CI:0.17-0.82), 0.22(95% CI:0.07-0.64) and 0.11(95% CI:0.03-0.44) in CHD, septal defects, conotrucal defects and right ventricular outflow obstruction defects. The protective effect was stronger in high level LnSe than in medium level LnSe. Conclusions The High concentration of selenium in maternal whole blood is associated with decreased CHD in offspring.

Study on LMS method in constructing reference standard for height percentile of children aged 6-17 years in Jiamusi

ZHANG Shao-dong, ZHU Li-ling, LI Xiao-dong, WU Dan

2017, 21(10): 1071-1073. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2017.10.024

Abstract(386)

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Application of correspondence analysis in research of different types of heart disease mortality

PANG Hui, YU Jian-xing, YU Yang, YANG Sen, PANG Kai, TAO Yu-chun

2017, 21(10): 1074-1076. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2017.10.025

Abstract(257)

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2017, 21(10): 1077-1078. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2017.10.026

Abstract(249)

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Editor

Editor-in-Chief Ye Dongqing M.D.

Assistant editor Fan Yinguang M.D.

Assistant editor Pan Haifeng M.D.

Assistant editor