中华疾病控制杂志

Relationships between smoking behavior and family-peer factors among secondary vocational school students in Wuhan

Teng Shi-wei, YU Jin-cong, WU Qing-feng, YAN Dong, YAN Ya-qiong, GONG Jie, ZHOU Hui, YAO Kang, WANG Zeng-zhen

2016, 20(5): 431-434. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2016.05.001

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Objective To explore the influence of family and peer factors on smoking behavior among secondary vocational school students in Wuhan, and to provide evidence for intervention strategies. Methods Three secondary vocational schools in Wuhan were selected by the method of judgmental sampling, in which all students of grade one and grade two were recruited to participate in this study. Results Of total 2 354 participants, the rates of the experimental smoking and current smoking were 23.8% and 18.6% respectively. There were statistically significant differences in smoking rates among students with different genders and ages (all P<0.05). Univariate analysis showed that parental monitoring, family conflict, closeness with parents, smoking proportion of family members, smoking proportion of friends, and friends' attitude towards smoking had significant effect on smoking behavior (all P<0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that smoking behavior was significantly associated with gender, age, average academic achievement, average expense per month, parental monitoring, closeness with parents, and smoking proportion of friends (all P<0.05). Conclusions The tobacco control should be strengthened in secondary vocational schools. Improving monitoring skills for parents, strengthening parent-child relationship and controlling peer smoking influence would be helpful for smoking intervention in secondary vocational school students.

Migrant workers' smoking status in Guangdong Province and impact of migrant characteristics and psychological state on it

CHAI Wen-xin, SHI Jing-rong, CHEN Wen, ZENG Jia-zhi, XU Yong, LING Li

2016, 20(5): 435-438,442. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2016.05.002

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Objective To assess the smoking status of migrant workers, toexplore the impact of migrant characteristics and psychological state on them in manufacturing factories in Guangdong Province, and to provide reference for further tobacco control measures. Methods In a cross-sectional study between April and December 2012, 888 migrant workers in 10 factories from 4 cities were selected. A structured questionnaire was used to assess the smoking status and explore the associated factors of smoking behaviors. One-way and Logistic regression analysis were used to explore the associated factors. Results Current smoking rate of migrant workers was high (42.2%). Migrants who were single or divorced,senior high school educated and worked in more than 3 migratory cities were more likely to smoke. Workers who are in better psychological condition and migrate with families were less likely to smoke. Conclusions Migrant characteristics, and psychological state are associated with current smoking behaviors. The identifications of risk factors for current smoking may help to target health promotion interventions and decrease health risk of tobacco.

Evaluation effect of intervention on passive smoking for non-smoking pregnant women

HUANG Yun-xia, YANG Lian, MAO Zheng-zhong, HU De-wei, CHEN Xue-yun

2016, 20(5): 439-442. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2016.05.003

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Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of the interventions on the exposure to passive smoking for the non -smoking pregnant women, and to propose advice on improving the environment for pregnant living. Methods Questionnaires had been employed to survey 1 100 non-smoking pregnant women who met the inclusion criteria in maternity and child hospital, maternity hospital of Kaifeng. Multinomial Logistic was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the interventions on the exposure to passive smoking for the non-smoking pregnant women. Results Non-smoking pregnant women had lower exposure level after intervention (OR=1.564,P<0.001), the exposure level in third survey was lower than that in baseline survey, but higher than that in second survey. Secondly, amount of husband and other families tobacco use was significantly positively related to exposure level of non-smoking pregnant women. The more tobacco consumption of family, the higher risk of exposure level of non-smoking pregnant women. The non-smoking pregnant women who were young and live in the core family structure (the couple or couple with children), had higher exposure level. The non-smoking pregnant women who had better education, more knowledge of passive smoking and stronger attitude against the passive smoking, had lower exposure level. Conclusions We should strengthen the health education, consciousness of people to tobacco control and follow up the special population of non-smoking pregnant women,thus,to improve the status of passive smoking for pregnant women.

Study on registered nurses' behaviors of helping hospitalized patients' smoking cessation based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)

E Li-li, HONG Jing-fang, XIE Lun-fang

2016, 20(5): 443-446,451. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2016.05.004

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Objective Based upon the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), this study aimed to investigate registered nurses' behavior of helping hospitalized patients' smoking cessation and its influencing factors, and thus provide the theoretical basis for taking effective intervention to promote such behavior. Methods With the guidance of the framework of questionnaire development based on TPB, we developed the questionnaire which consisted of five sub-areas: behavioral attitude (BA), subjective norm (SN), perceived behavioral control (PBC), behavioral intention (BI) and behavior (B). After testing reliability and validity, the formal questionnaire was distributed among 638 nurses, and the theoretical model was verified through the structural equation model(SEM). Results The model of registered nurse's behaviors of helping hospitalized patients' smoking cessation based on the TPB explained the 43.00 percent and 36.00 percent of the variance of behavior and the behavioral intention respectively. Among these factors, the direct effect of BI and the indirect effect of PBC on nurses' behavior were statistically significant. Conclusions The targeted improvement of the behavioral intention and perceived behavioral control is the key to the intervention in nurses' behavior of helping hospitalized patients' smoking cessation.

Investigation of nicotine dependence and its influencing factors among adult smokers in Nanning Prefecture

LIANG Dan-yan, LI Hong, LIANG Yao-jie, OUYANG Yun, WU Hua-bei, TANG Xian-yan, FU Wen-jie, HUANG Xin-yuan, ZHANG Hai-ying

2016, 20(5): 447-451. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2016.05.005

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Objective To investigate the nicotine dependence level and explore influencing factors among adult smokers in Nanning prefecture. Methods Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence (FTND) was used to assess the nicotine dependence level.Logistic regression model and nomogram were used to explore the underlying factors of nicotine dependence. Results Totally, 1 178 adult smokers were surveyed. The average initiation smoking age was 19.33 ±4.90 years old. Most of all interviewee were with low nicotine dependence (84.29%). The average score of smoker's nicotine dependence was 3.18±1.94. Multiple Logistic regression analysis revealed that interviewee with secondary level of education, earlier initiation of smoking, and longer smoking history were more likely to be the risk factors of nicotine dependence. Conclusions The rate of strong nicotine dependence was low among adult smokers in Nanning. Education levels, initiation smoking age and smoking history were significantly associated with nicotine dependence.

Socioeconomic difference in prevalence of nicotine dependence among Naxi ethnic minority in Yulong County of Yunnan Province

CAO Feng, CAI Le, CUI Wen-long, SUN Cheng-huan, HE Jian-quan

2016, 20(5): 452-455. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2016.05.006

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Objective To explore socioeconomic difference in prevalence of nicotine dependence among Naxi ethnic minority in Yulong County of Yunnan province. Methods Stratified random sampling method was used to select a representative sample of 1 402 Naxi ethnic minority aged 35 and above from Yulong County. Each participant received a face to face questionnaire interview. Results The overall prevalence rate of current smoking was 31.1%, and males were 66.6%, females were 0.9%, respectively. Males had significantly higher prevalence of current smoking than the females (χ²=701.22,P<0.001). Among 436 current smokers, the average score of FTND was 5.28±2.22 (5.28±2.21 for males and 5.57±2.70 for females). Smokers whose age of smoking initiation occurred under 20 years old and non-filter cigarette smokers had a higher FTND score(all P<0.05). The results of ordinal Logistic regression showed that Naxi current smokers with low income level were associated with higher possibility of nicotine dependence. Naxi current smokers with better housing conditions were associated with higher possibility of nicotine dependence. Conclusions Nicotine dependence is a serious public health concern, and there is significant socioeconomic difference in prevalence of nicotine dependence in Yulong County. Intervention strategies for tobacco control should give increased attention to the poor and persons with good housing conditions.

The relationship between body mass index and lipid profile among hypertensive populations in Chinese rural districts

YANG Wen-bin, YU Tao, WANG Wen, WANG Li-wei, WANG Bin-yan, TANG Gen-fu, ZANG Tong-hua, QIN Xian-hui, WANG Yu, LI Jian-ping, HUO Yong, XU Xi-ping

2016, 20(5): 456-459,473. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2016.05.007

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Objective The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and lipid profile among hypertensive populations in Chinese rural districts. Methods An epidemiological investigation was conducted from May 2008 to July 2009 in rural districts of Anqing and Lianyungang. Height, weight, total cholesterol(TC), triglyceride(TG) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C) were measured at baseline. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C) was calculated using Friedewald formula. Multiple linear regression model was applied to evaluate the association between BMI and lipid profile. Results A total of 19 347 participants were included in the final analysis. The prevalence of overweight and obesity were 38.6% and 18.7%, respectively. Compared with normal weight participants, overweight and obese population had increased TC(β=3.00,P<0.001), TG(β=42.23,P<0.001) and LDL-C(β=3.69,P<0.001) levels, while HDL-C(β=-9.06,P<0.001) levels was significantly decreased. Furthermore, a stronger correlation between BMI and TG, LDL-C, HDL-C was observed in males(TG:β_male=51.02 vs β_female=37.67,P for interaction<0.001; LDL-C:β_male=3.88 vs β_female=3.14,P for interaction=0.016; HDL-C:β_male=-12.37 vs β_female=-7.27,P for interaction <0.001), smokers(TG:β_current=52.01 vs β_never=39.96,P for interaction <0.001; LDL-C:β_current=6.44 vs β_never=2.86,P for interaction =0.018; HDL-C:β_current=-12.53 vs β_never=-7.95,P for interaction <0.001) and drinkers(TG:β_current=50.57 vs β_never=39.99,P for interaction <0.001; LDL-C:β_current=8.15 vs β_never=2.46,P for interaction <0.001; HDL-C:β_current=-13.02 vs β_never=-7.74,P for interaction <0.001). However, there was no significant correlation between BMI and TC (sex:P for interaction=0.499,smoking:P for interaction=0.142,drinking:P for interaction=0.056)in any of these stratification.Conclusions Overweight and obesity is closely related to lipid levels,and stronger relationship between BMI and TG, LDL-C, HDL-C is observed in males, smokers and drinkers.

Study on the relationship between hypertention and dietary micronutrients intake condition of urban and rural residents in Tianjin

LI Jing, CHANG Gai, PAN Yi, XIN Peng, WANG Wen-juan

2016, 20(5): 460-463. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2016.05.008

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Objective To analyze the relationship between hypertention and dietary micronutrients intake condition of urban and rural residents in Tianjin in order to provide information and basis for the strategy of improving nutrition condition and preventing hypertention in population.Methods The monitoring data of Chinese residents' nutrition and health condition from 2010 to 2012 were collected; the food record using successive 3 days 24 hours dietary retrospective method and seasoning weight method.Results The standard intake of Tianjin residents per people per day was respectively as follows: vitamin A 313.79 μg, vitamin C 85.05 mg, vitamin E 27.91 mg, vitamin B₁ 0.81 mg, vitamin B₂ 0.86 mg, nicotinic acid 13.24 mg, calcium 410.85 mg, sodium 6 613.17 mg, kalium 1 735.10 mg, iodine 282.83 μg, iron 22.21 mg, zinc 10.37 mg; the dietary intake of vitamin A, B₁, B₂ and calcium was lower than the recommended value and the intake of soldium was obviously exceeding; the intake of micronutrients except soldium and the total iodine the intake of which is higher in rural is the lowest in rural; in hypertention patients, the dietary intake of kalium, calcium, magneslium, cuprum, selenium, vitamin A and C, thiamine, riboflavin was negatively related to blood pressure(all P< 0.05), while it was positively related in reference to sodium and iodine intake(all P< 0.05); in hypertention patients, the sodium and iodine intake was both obviously higher than that in control group and also than the recommended nutrient intake while the intake of other micronutrients was all lower than that in control group(all P< 0.05).Conclusions The insufficiency of intake of micronutrients including vitamin A, B₁, B₂ and calcium in Tianjin residents is the major problem. The intake of sodium is obviously nimiety; the insufficiency of kinds of micronutrients is more serious in rural area; various micronutrients are related to hypertention and it's time to take nutrition-improving measures to intervene hypertention by diet.

A study on prevalence and associated factors of dyslipidemia in urban and rural areas among Han adult residents in Xinjiang, 2013

MA Teng, HAN Hui-jun, ADILI·Si-ma-yi, PA Li-ze, MU He-bu-li, YA Sheng-jiang, TAO Ning, SHAN Guang-liang, LIAO Su-su

2016, 20(5): 464-468. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2016.05.009

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Objective To investigate the prevalenceand associated factors of dyslipidemia in urban and rural areas among Han adult residents in Xinjiang.Methods Multi-stage stratified cluster sampling was used to select 3 095 Han residents aged 20-80 years old in 5 cities and counties in Xinjiang,with 1 970 in urban areas(63.65%).The prevalence of dyslipidemia of serum total cholesterol(TC),triglyceride(TG),low density lipoprotein-cholesterol(LDL-C) and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol(HDL-C) in urban and rural areas,and associated factors were examined.Results The prevalence of dyslipidemia was 28.11% overall,the prevalence in urban areas was higher than that in rural areas(30.00% vs 24.80%,χ²=9.58, P=0.002);the prevalence of high TC was 7.69%,which was higher in urban areas than in rural areas(8.83% vs 5.69%,χ²=9.97, P=0.002); the prevalence of high TG was 19.97%, which was higher in urban areas than in rural areas(21.47% vs 17.35%,χ²=7.61,P=0.006);the prevalence of high LDL-C was 4.52%, which was higher in urban areas than in rural areas(5.33% vs 3.11%, χ²=8.16, P=0.004);the prevalence of low HDL-C was 7.40%,and no significance was found between urban and rural areas(7.56% vs 7.11%, χ²=0.21, P=0.644).Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that overweight and obesity were common independent associated factors of high TG and low HDL-C(all P<0.05).Conclusions The serum lipid levels were higher in Han adults in 5 cities and counties in Xinjiang than the national average.The prevalence of dyslipidemia was higher in urban areas than that in rural areas.Control of overweight and obesity is the key measure to prevent dyslipidemia in urban and rural areas among Han adult residents in Xinjiang.

Analysis on epidemiological characteristics of Hepatitis A in Xi'an from 2008 to 2014

YANG Yang, CHEN Zhi-jun, HOU Tie-jun, LIU Ji-feng, WU Rui, SONG Li, YAN Hong

2016, 20(5): 469-473. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2016.05.010

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Objective To analyze the epidemic characteristics of hepatitis A in Xi'an from 2008 to 2014, and to provide scientific basis for targeted prevention and control measures. Methods Descriptive epidemiological method of the incidence data of hepatitis A in Xi'an from 2008-2014 were analyzed. The muster distribution method was used to analyze the epidemic seasonal characteristics. SPSS 22.0 software was used for data analysis. Results A total of 572 cases of hepatitis A was reported during 2008 to 2014. The annual average incidence was 1.00/100 000. The lowest incidence was 0.61/100 000 in 2011. The incidence from 2008 to 2014 showed a decreasing trend(χ_trend²=48,13,P<0.001), but from 2011 to 2014 the incidence showed an increasing trend(χ_trend²=6.82,P=0.010); There was no obvious seasonal peak during the period. The annual average incidences of the central urban area (1.14/100 000) and the fringe areas(1.19/100 000) were higher than those of rural areas (0.76/100 000). There were significant differences between them(all P<0.001). The cases gathered in the northeast of Xi'an city. The peak age range of the cases was 20 to 69 years old, which accounted for 71.68% of the total number of cases. The peak age of the cases showed the trend shift to older people. The sex ratio was 1.60 to 1. Farmers(30.24%), retirees(16.78%), students(10.50%)were the most popular occupations. The total vaccination rate from 18 months to 6 years old was 89.84%. Only one hepatitis A outbreak was reported in 2009. Conclusions Hepatitis A is low endemicity in Xi'an ctiy. But the incidence showed an increase trend in recent 3 years. The disease surveillance and community health education work should be strengthened. Additionally, the high risk groups could be vaccinated.

A cross-sectional study on hepatitis B infection of migrant workers in Zhangjiagang City

YANG Dan-dan, ZHU Li-guo, ZU Rong-qiang, WU Ming, ZHAI Xiang-jun

2016, 20(5): 474-476. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2016.05.011

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Objective To study the prevalence of hepatitis B of migrant workers in Zhangjiagang City and provide scientific evidences for hepatitis B prevention and control. Methods Sample random sampling was conducted and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to recognize hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and Hepatitis B surface antibody (HBsAb). Results A total of 1 516 migrant workers were investigated, men accounted for 69.0%, most of them were young and middle-aged. The positive rate of HBsAg was 9.6% and no significant difference was found between men and women. However, it was found among various age groups (χ²=9.37,P=0.015). The positive rate of HBsAb was 50.9% and men was higher than women (χ²=7.31,P=0.007). There were significant differences in hepatitis B vaccine coverage rate between gender and among various age groups (all P<0.05), the HBsAg positive rate of subjects who were vaccinated had significantly decreased (OR=1.64,95% CI:1.15-2.34,P=0.006). Conclusions The investigation is of great importance in spread of hepatitis B. Associated health education and vaccination promotion are necessary and feasible measures to prevent the further transmission of hepatitis B.

The influence of the polymorphism of toll like receptor 7 rs179016 on the transcriptional activity

GAO Fan, ZHOU Yi-xin, WU Meng-ping, XIE Chao-nan, ZHANG Yun, ZHU Ping, YUE Ming

2016, 20(5): 477-480,485. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2016.05.012

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Objective Toll like receptor 7 (TLR7) plays an important role in sensing and provoking an immune response in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. This study aims to investigate the correlation of the polymorphism of TLR7 rs179016 with the transcription activity of TLR7. Methods 22 male volunteers were included in this study. The TLR7 mRNA expression was evaluated by real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The expression of the cultured HEK-293T cell lysates containing rs179016 C/G or empty plasmid was assessed using a dual-luciferase reporter gene system and compared. Results A lower TLR7 mRNA level was observed in subjects carrying G genotype than those carrying C genotype (t=-7.352,P<0.001). The fluorescence intensity of cells containing rs179016G was stronger than that of cells containing rs179016C. Conclusions Our data indicated that TLR7 rs179016 C genotype was associated with the lower transcription and translation of TLR7, which may contribute to an increased susceptibility to HCV infection.

Analysis on molecular epidemiology of Coxsackievirus A16 strains isolated from 2012 to 2014 in Jiangsu Province

YAO Xue-jun, SHAN Jun, JI Hong, LI Jing-xin, ZHANG Xue-feng, ZHU Feng-cai

2016, 20(5): 481-485. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2016.05.013

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Objective To analyze genetic characteristics of Coxsackievirus A16(CA16) strains isolated from Jiangsu Province from 2012 to 2014. Methods The clinical specimens were collected from children diagnosed as hand foot and mouth disease from 2012 to 2014, and CA16 virus strains were obtained by means of the specimens culture. The full-length VP1 gene fragments were amplified by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique. Then, the amplified products were used for gene sequencing, sequence analysis were conducted by using bioinformatics software, phylogenetic tree was constructed and compared with CA16 reference strains for sequence homology. Results A total of 82 positive specimens were identified as CA16 from the confirmed HFMD patients and all CA16 strains' VP1 gene were sequenced successfully. For all the 82 strains, 9 strains were identified as B1a genotype and the others were B1b genotype, respectively. Sequence analysis results of these 82 strains showed that the nucleotide identity of 82 strains' VP1 genes ranged from 87.8% to 100.0% and the amino acid identity of 82 strains' VP1 proteins ranged from 97.5% to 100.0%. Compared with the ptototype strain CA16-G10,the homology of nucleotide sequences and amino acid sequences of VP1 gene were 75.2% to 78.2% and 90.5% to 91.9% respectively. Conclusions The CA16 strains isolated from 2012 to 2014 in jiangsu province belonged to subgenotype B1. The transmission mode showed that the dominant subgenotype of B1b and secondary subgenotype of B1a, were co-circulating together in Jiangsu Province. Both subgenotypes had close phylogenetic relationship.

Molecular characteristics of enterovirus 71 and epidemiological characteristics of hand, foot and mouth disease in Guizhou Province, 2014

LI Fa-jin, WANG Dan, LI Shi-jun, JIANG Wei-jia, GUO Jun, WANG Ding-ming, TANG Guang-peng

2016, 20(5): 486-490. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2016.05.014

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Objective To analyze the epidemiology of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Guizhou province during 2014, and the genetic characterizations of enterovirus 71 (EV-71). Methods Statistical analysis for HFMD data reported by National Disease Supervision Information Management System were performed by using descriptive epidemiology method; the VP1-region sequence amplification of EV-71 isolated from HFMD patients in Guizhou province during 2014 were also performed by using reverse-transcription-polymerase chain reaction, then nucleotide of the amplicons were sequenced, finally genetic variability of VP1 region sequences of EV-71 and phylogenetic tree were analyzed by using MEGA(Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis,MEGA)6.0 software. Results The cases of HFMD patients were 50 880 in Guizhou province during 2014. The incidence of HFMD patients was 145.28/100 000, and the mortality rate was 0.06/100,000. HFMD patients were reported every month in Guizhou province during 2014, the peak incidence occured mainly during April-June, and the highest incidence city area was in Zunyi and Guiyang in April, the highest deaths was in June, the incidence accounted highest among scattered children. The peak incidence occurs in children mainly aged 0-5 years, and the incidence occurs in children was 93.81%. The proportion of male and famale was 1.59:1. There were 3 877 cases in total, which were laboratory-confirmed HFMD, were reported in 2014, the proportion in the total number of cases was 7.62%; Among them, the constituent ratio of pathogens were described as: EV-71 was 26.41%, CA-16 was 32.42%,and other EV was 40.74%. All EV-71 strains isolated in Guizhou Province in 2014 belong to C4a Phylogenetic branch within C4 genogroup. Conclusions HFMD outbreaks occurred every week in Guizhou Province during 2014,and the morbidity is noticeable in different cities and counties. The peak incidence in each year ranges from April to June. Most of the patients were children under 3 years old, and children who live scattered constitute the highest proportion among patients.The Co-circulation of EV-71 and CA-16 were main pathogens that caused HFMD in 2014. All EV-71 strains isolated in Guizhou Province in 2014 belong to C4a Phylogenetic branch within C4 genotype.

Study on united screening of low-dose computed tomography combined with thinprep cytologic test of lung cancer among high risk groups in community

ZHAO Yi-ju, ZHAI Jian-kun, KANG Dong-ping, PENG Lin, JIN Hui, HUANG Cai-yan, CHEN Yan-zhen

2016, 20(5): 491-494,499. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2016.05.015

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Objective To evaluate the screening effectiveness of low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) combined with thinprep cytologic test (TCT) of lung cancer in high risk groups from local community. Methods 3 708 community residents with high risk for lung cancer were enrolled in this research. People who defined as high risk groups of lung cancer must be above 40 years old and at least fit for one of the following four factors: smoking history above 20 pack years, family history of lung cancer, history of lung disease, history of occupational hazardous exposure and second-hand cigarette history. LDCT scans revealed any non-calcified nodule diameter measuring at least 4 mm was classified as positive outcome. Cytological dysplasia or cancer cells for microscopic examination suggested positive results of TCT. Results A total of 3 708 people at high risk for lung cancer underwent screening test,12.59% (467/3 708)participants' LDCT examination showed at least one non-calcified nodule with diameter≥4 mm. The pathological biopsy confirmed that 56 cases of lung cancer were diagnosis correctly among LDCT positive subjects, the detection rate of lung cancer was 1.51% (56/3 708). TCT positive rate was 1.91% (71/3 708). Also 0.97% (36/3 708) cases were diagnosed correctly after pathological biopsy. 58 cases of lung cancer were screened out by united screening of LDCT and TCT. 41 patients with non small cell lung cancer and 22 patients were classified as 0~Ⅰ phase, the early diagnosis rate was 53.66% (22/41). Conclusions The LDCT combined with TCT screening is helpful to improve the early diagnosis rate and detection rate of lung cancer. Also be good for decreasing the false positive rate.

Analysis on years of life lost and economic burden caused by injury in China

ZOU Ya-ming, HAO Yuan-tao

2016, 20(5): 495-499. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2016.05.016

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Objective To estimate the burden of disease caused by injury and to help Chinese government to determine the priority for policy-making. Methods Demographic data was derived from China Population & Employment Statistics Yearbook 2013, injury death from China Health Statistical Yearbook 2013, gross domestic product per capita from China Statistical Yearbook 2013, outpatient fee and inpatient fee from the National Health Services Surveys. Years of Life Lost (YLLs) were calculated by the global burden of disease method as well as the direct and indirect economic burden. Results In 2012, the YLLs due to injury were 8.38 per 1 000 people. The first five leading causes of the burden of disease caused by injury were motor vehicle traffic accidents, suicide, followed by falls, non-motorized vehicle traffic accidents and drowning. Every cause of the burden of injury was higher in rural than in urban area, and higher in male than in female. The burden of traffic accidents were mainly in the 20-60 age groups, while falling very common among older adults (for example, 60 years of age and older), drowning mainly in the 1-15 age groups. The intensity of burden caused by suicide increased with age. The total economic burden due to injury were 3 792.31 billion yuan. Conclusions Injury imposes substantial burden on residents' health and social economy. Effective preventions and interventions should be taken to control various kinds of injuries especially for traffic accidents, suicide, falls and drowning.

Burden of cancer in Guangxi Province 2008-2013

YANG Li, CHEN Na-ying, HUANG Kai-yong, WANG Xiao-min, YANG Li

2016, 20(5): 500-503,507. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2016.05.017

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Objective To estimate the burden of cancer in Guangxi province from 2008 to 2013 and to discuss the current situation and development trend of cancer, so as to provide scientific evidence for cancer prevention and control. Methods Deaths from cancer was collected from Guangxi provincial diseases surveillance system, and disability-adjusted life year (DALY) was calculated to evaluate the burden of cancer. Results The overall burden of cancer was 373 684.40 DALYs (68.36% in male and 31.64% in female) in Guangxi province during 2008 to 2013, with the intensity of 17.91 DALYs per 1 000 population (23.26 DALYs per 1 000 population for male and 11.96 DALYs per 1 000 population for female). The DALY and DALY intensity of malignant tumor increased from 2008 to 2011, while reduced during 2011-2013. The DALY was the highest in 70+ year olds. The top five causes of DALYs were liver cancer, trachea/bronchus/lung cancer, other malignant neoplasms, stomach cancer and colon/rectum cancer. Conclusions The burden of cancer in Guangxi province was at an average level in China. More attention should be paid to improve cancer prevention and control.

Path analysis of the influence of job burnout on quality of life among underground coal miners

LIU Xiao-meng, HUANG Jian-jun, SUN Chen-ming, QIAO Nan, CUI Yan, TIAN Shuang-shuang, WANG Cong, WANG Hui, LIANG Jie, XU Shu-hong, WANG Tong

2016, 20(5): 504-507. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2016.05.018

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Objective To explore the influence of job burnout on quality of life among underground coal miners in shanxi province. Methods 1 998 coal miners in Datong Coal Mine Group were selected by using a two-stage stratified sampling method. They were assessed with the World Health organization Quality of Life(WHOQOL-BREF) and Maslach Burnout Inventory(MBI-GS). Results The 4 factor scores in physical factor, psychological factor and environment factor of WHOQOL-BREF were 13.72, 12.90, 14.11 and 12.10, respectively. They were all higher than the median (12.00).Significant negative correlations were found between 3 factors of MBI-GS and 4 factors of WHOQOL-BREF. Path analysis showed that cynicism and inefficacy had direct negative effects on the 4 factors of WHOQOL-BREF, while exhaustion had direct negative effects on physical, social and environment of WHOQOL-BREF. Conclusions The results suggests that the quality of life among underground coal miners was lower than the average level. The quality of life among underground coal miners decreased as job burnout degree increased. Exhaustion, cynicism and inefficacy were main influential factors of quality of life among underground coal miners.

Universality of nurse-nurse collaboration scale in Chinese clinical nurses

SHI Juan, SONG Gui-qi, SONG Yong-xia, QI Yong-zha, WANG Wei-li

2016, 20(5): 508-511. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2016.05.019

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Objective To explore the universality of nurse-nurse collaboration scale in Chinese clinical nurses. Methods The NNCS was translated according to Brislin principle and adapted according to Chinese culture. The universality of Chinese version of NNCS was tested among 574 clinical nurses in Hefei city. SPSS 13.0 software and AMOS 17.0 software were used to analyze data and then final Chinese version of NNCS was formed. Results The Chinese version of NNCS was consisted of 25 items in 4 dimensions. The Cronbach's α for the over scale was 0.93 and the content validity index was 0.98. Four factors were extracted which contributed 57.97% of the total variance. First-confirmatory factor analysis and second-confirmatory factor analysis showed: χ²/df =2.33/2.55, GFI=0.92/0.92, AGFI=0.90/0.90, RMSEA=0.05/0.05, RMR=0.02/0.05, NFI=0.93/0.92, CFI=0.96/0.95, TLI=0.95/0.94. Conclusions The Chinese version of NNCS is reliable and valid, and can be used to assess the status of collaboration among clinical nurses in China.

In vitro study of mitochondrial pathway involved cardiomyocytes apoptosis induced by N, N-dimethylformamide

ZHANG Wan-wan, YANG Yong-jian, WANG Juan, MA Xiao-li, RONG Qing-xiu

2016, 20(5): 512-515. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2016.05.020

Abstract(286)

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Abstract:
Objective To investigate Dimethylformamide (DMF) on apoptosis-related proteins about mitochondrial pathway in cardiomyocytes. Methods Western Blotting was used to detect the the levels of Cleaved caspase-3, Bax, Bcl-2 and Cytochrome C(Cyt-c) in cytoplasm after different doses of DMF (0 mmol/L, 50 mmol/L, 100 mmol/L, 200 mmol/L) exposure for 24 h. Results After different doses of DMF (0 mM, 50 mM, 100 mM, 200 mM) exposure for 24h, the levels of Cleaved caspase-3, Bax and Cyt-c increased,while the level of Bax decreased. The differences between groups were statistically different (Cleaved caspase-3: F=23.33, P<0.001; Bax:F=60.31, P<0.001; Bcl-2: F=577.8, P<0.001; Cyt-c: F=104.0, P<0.001). Cleaved caspase-3 and Cyt-c increased after 100 mM and 200 mM exposure compared with control group, the differences were significant (all P<0.05). The levels of Bax increased after 50 mM and 100 mM DMF exposure compared with control group (all P<0.05), while the difference between 200 mM DMF exposure and control group were not statistically significant(P=1.000). The level of Bcl-2 exposed under 50 mM, 100 mM and 200 mM DMF decreased compared with the control group, the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). The ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 in 100 mM and 200 mM exposure group increased compared with control group, the differences were significant(all P<0.05). Conclusions DMF up-regulated the level of Cleaved caspase-3, Cyt-c and Bax/Bcl-2, meanwhile down-regulated the level of Bcl-2.Mitochondrial pathway was involved in H9c2 cardiomyocytes apoptosis induced by DMF.

Analysis of factors related to early pregnancy loss in IVF-ET cycles

WU Cai-yun, ZHANG Wen-xiang, NI Feng, ZHOU Yun, JIANG Hong

2016, 20(5): 516-519,529. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2016.05.021

Abstract(217)

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Abstract:
Objectives To investigate the factors related to early pregnancy loss in IVF-ET (in-vitro fertilization-embryo transfer) cycles. Methods The clinical data of 1 720 IVF-ET cycles with pregnancy were analyzed retrospectively. According to pregnancy outcomes, all the subjects were divided into three groups: group A (biochemical pregnancy group), group B (early spontaneous abortion group), group C (control). Group C includes the ones having live birth or ongoing pregnancy more than three months. Comparisons of basic data, process of controlled ovarian hyperstimulation and the outcomes of IVF-ET were performed among three groups. Results The average age of the subjects, basic follicle stimulating hormone (bFSH) level and ≥ 2 natural abortion history in group B were higher than those in group A and group C,with statistically significant differences (all P<0.001). The ratio of estrogenic hormone (E2) descends after human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) injection, dosage of human menopausal gonadotropin (HMG) administrated in the late follicular phase and the ratio of received assisted hatching in group C were lower than those in group A and group B, with statistically significant differences (all P<0.05). The early abortion rate in the patients received gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist (GnRH-a) short protocol was higher than those received GnRH-a long protocol, with statistically significant differences (P<0.05). It was also found that early spontaneous abortion rate in the patients with endometriosis was higher than those with tubal infertility, with statistically significant differences (P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the age and ≥ 2 natural abortion history were risk factors related to early spontaneous abortion. Conclusions Advanced age and ≥ 2 natural abortion history were both independent risk factors related to early spontaneous abortion.

A review of the epidemic of hand, foot and mouth disease and the hand hygiene in kindergartens

FU Xia, ZHAO Zhi-guang, HOU Wan-li, ZHANG Zhen, ZHOU Yan, CHENG Jin-quan

2016, 20(5): 520-523. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2016.05.022

Abstract(324)

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The kindergartens have become focus institution in the world, and a growing number of studies reported that hand hygiene could cause a series of infectious diseases and the incidence rate showed a trend of rising year by year. So hand hygiene of kindergartens has become the hot topic in our current studies. This article reviewed the influence of hand hygiene to the epidemic of hand, foot and mouth disease(HFMD), the status and influencing factors of hand hygiene, the interventions and effects of hand hygiene based on the relative references in home and abroad. And we suggest that suitable interventions should be adopted to improve the compliance of hand hygiene and reduce the outbreaks and incidence of HFMD for the health of children, which can provide theoretical basis for the further studies of hand hygiene and scientific basis for the relevant department to make the suitable hand hygiene standards for kindergartens.

Zika virus epidemic situation and heath quarantine strategy for national frontier port

DONG Rui-ling, ZHU Yu-lan, LI Dong-xiao, DIAO Mu-yan, CHEN Ying-zhou, LIU Zheng, GU Li-bing, SUN Jie, GU Da-yong, WANG Ning

2016, 20(5): 524-526,538. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2016.05.023

Abstract(347)

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Zika virus is spreading explosively in the Americas since 2015. The Zika situation is a global issue which need to be addressed. Given 80% of latent infection rate of the virus infection, the wide geographical distribution of the mosquito vector, Zika virus had reasonable condition for spread in China. Vaccines is absence right now and there are no specific treatments,and Zika virus has positive relation with birth malformations and neurological complications, Zika is an important disease for which national frontier port need to prevention and control right now. This paper reviews epidemic characteristic, diagnostic methods, prevention measures and health quarantine strategy of Zika virus, in order to give scientific evidence for Zika virus frontier control and prevention.

Risk assessments for the first imported Zika virus infections in Mainland China

LIU Xiao-qing, XIE Chun-yan, YANG Fu-qiang, HUANG Xing-kui, LIAO Yong, ZHANG Tian-chen, LI Jian-hua, HU Guo-liang, YUAN Hui

2016, 20(5): 527-529. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2016.05.024

Abstract(299)

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Risk factors of degree of cerebral artery stenosis in patients with ischemic vascular disease

CHEN Chang-chun, LI Xi, SUN Zhong-wu

2016, 20(5): 530-532. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2016.05.025

Abstract(236)

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Study on quality evaluation of adverse event of IUD reports in Jiangsu Province

BA Lei, SHI Wen-hui, YANG Yue-hua, YAO Jie, XU Hao-qin

2016, 20(5): 533-535. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2016.05.026

Abstract(192)

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Analysis on reported data of the second type vaccine in Futian District of Shenzhen City,2009-2013

FANG Qiong, WANG Yong-gang, CAO Li, LIN Bao-ni, CAI Lin, ZHOU Zhi-feng, DUAN Li-na

2016, 20(5): 536-538. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2016.05.027

Abstract(522)

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Editor

Editor-in-Chief Ye Dongqing M.D.

Assistant editor Fan Yinguang M.D.

Assistant editor Pan Haifeng M.D.

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